Computational approaches towards the discovery and optimisation of cruzain inhibitors

The need to develop safer and more efficacious drugs to treat Chagas disease has motivated the search for cruzain inhibitors. Cruzain is the recombinant, truncated version of cruzipain, a cysteine protease from Trypanosoma cruzi with important roles during the parasite life cycle. Several computational techniques have been applied to discover and optimise cruzain inhibitors, providing a molecular basis to guide this process. Here, we review some of the most recent computational studies that provided important information for the design of cruzain inhibitors. Moreover, we highlight the diversity of applications of in silico techniques and their impact.

Ortho-nitrobenzyl derivatives as potential anti-schistosomal agents

ABSTRACT In the search for new anti-schistosomal agents, a series of fifteen ortho-nitrobenzyl derivatives was assayed in vitro against both the schistosomulum (somule) and adult forms of Schistosoma mansoni. Compounds 8 and 12 showed significant activity against somules at low micromolar concentrations, but none was active against adults. The SAR demonstrated that the compounds most active against the parasite were mutagenic to the human cell line RKO-AS45-1 only at concentrations 10- to 40-fold higher than the worm-killing dose. Given their electrophilicity, compounds were also screened as inhibitors of the S. mansoni cysteine protease (cathepsin B1) in vitro. Amides 5 and 15 exhibited a modest inhibition activity with values of 55.7 and 50.6 % at 100 µM, respectively. The nitrobenzyl compounds evaluated in this work can be regarded as hits in the search for more active and safe anti-schistosomal agents.

Computational drug design strategies applied to the modelling of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Reverse transcriptase (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 life cycle and represents a primary target for drug discovery efforts against HIV-1 infection. Two classes of RT inhibitors, the nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs) and the nonnucleoside transcriptase inhibitors are prominently used in the highly active antiretroviral therapy in combination with other anti-HIV drugs. However, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant viral strains has limited the successful rate of the anti-HIV agents. Computational methods are a significant part of the drug design process and indispensable to study drug resistance. In this review, recent advances in computer-aided drug design for the rational design of new compounds against HIV-1 RT using methods such as molecular docking, molecular dynamics, free energy calculations, quantitative structure-activity relationships, pharmacophore modelling and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity prediction are discussed. Successful applications of these methodologies are also highlighted.

Atividade de detergentes e desinfetantes sobre a evoluçäo dos ovos de Ascaris lumbricoides / Effects of detergents and disinfectants on the development of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs

A infecçäo por Ascaris lumbricoides decorre da ingestäo de ovos embrionados deste parasita, o que justifica a pesquisa de substâncias que tenham efeito deletério sobre estes ovos. Nosso objetivo foi estudar a açäo de 16 produtos detergentes e desinfetantes, de uso doméstico e laboratorial, sobre a embriogênese deste helminto. Crianças portadoras desta infecçäo foram tratadas com levamisol e os vermes fêmeas expelidos foram recolhidos e dissecados, para obtençäo dos ovos intra-uterinos. Os ovos foram postos em contato com os produtos em diversas diluições e tempos, lavados e incubados a 28ºC, por 20 dias, para teste da viabilidade e determinaçäo da porcentagem de embrionamento. Apenas um produto inibiu completamente o embrionamento dos ovos, em todos os tempos e diluições testados. Cinco produtos inibiram o embrionamento dos ovos em mais de 50 por cento, seis inibiram o embrionamento em menos de 50 por cento e três näo tiveram efeito sobre o embrionamento dos ovos. Por outro lado, com um produto observou-se aumento da porcentagem de embrionamento dos ovos em relaçäo aos controles