ABSTRACT
Current pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease (PD) is palliative and unable to modify the progression of neurodegeneration. Treatments that can improve patients' quality of life with fewer side effects are needed, but not yet available. Cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychotomimetic constituent of cannabis, has received considerable research attention in the last decade. In this context, we aimed to critically review the literature on potential therapeutic effects of CBD in PD and discuss clinical and preclinical evidence supporting the putative neuroprotective mechanisms of CBD. We searched MEDLINE (via PubMed) for indexed articles published in English from inception to 2019. The following keywords were used: cannabis; cannabidiol and neuroprotection; endocannabinoids and basal ganglia; Parkinson's animal models; Parkinson's history; Parkinson's and cannabidiol. Few studies addressed the biological bases for the purported effects of CBD on PD. Six preclinical studies showed neuroprotective effects, while three targeted the antidyskinetic effects of CBD. Three human studies have tested CBD in patients with PD: an open-label study, a case series, and a randomized controlled trial. These studies reported therapeutic effects of CBD on non-motor symptoms. Additional research is needed to elucidate the potential effectiveness of CBD in PD and the underlying mechanisms involved.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Parkinson Disease/drug therapy , Cannabidiol/therapeutic use , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Disease Models, Animal , Clinical Studies as TopicABSTRACT
A luxaçäo congenita de ombro é uma entidade näo comum. Apesar disso, há alguns escritos e relatos a esse respeito, todos deixando transparecer a dúvida entre o limite da verdadeira luxaçäo congênita de ombro e aquela associada a alguma outra anormalidade. Neste traalho, foi acompanhado e estudado um paciente com luxaçäo congênita bilateral de ombro, com a finalidade de procurar estabelecer o real conceito da patologia. Os autores concluíram, através de revisäo de literatura e acompanhamento do caso, que a luxaçäo congênita de ombro verdadeira é aquela em que há a quase constante bilateralidade; a absoluta ausência de lesöes neuromusculares associadas; a funcionalidade articular bem conservada, na qual a presença de frouxidäo capsuloligamentar permite ao ombro movimentos maiores e mais amplos que o normal, com conseqüente instabilidade da articulaçäo; o aplanamento da fossa glenóidea ao exame radiográfico; e a redutibilidade manual fácil da deformidade, que se reproduz imediatamente, uma vez o membro seja abandonado