ABSTRACT
Background: Spirometric flow and volume measurement are essential to evaluate patients with pulmonary disease. In Chile, several reference equations are used. Aim: To measure flow and expiratory volumes in healthy children and adolescents and compare their results with theoretical values according to Knudson, Quanjer, Gutierrez and NANHES III. Subjects and Methods: Spirometries were performed according to international standards in 1589 healthy children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years (861 females) who lived in Santiago, Chile. Results: The obtained values for forced vital capacity, expiratory volume in one second, peak expiratory flow, were significantly higher than those calculated according to the above mentioned standards (p < 0.0001) with differences up to 18.7%. We constructed reference formulas for ages ranging from 6 to 18 years, separated by gender, using age, weight and height as independent variables. The latter had the greater influence on formula construction. Conclusions: The use of these new local formulas with allow the correct interpretation of spirometric results obtained in Chilean children and adolescents.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Respiratory Physiological Phenomena , Age Factors , Altitude , Body Height/physiology , Body Mass Index , Chile , Forced Expiratory Volume/physiology , Predictive Value of Tests , Reference Values , Sensitivity and Specificity , Sex Factors , Spirometry , Vital Capacity/physiologyABSTRACT
Objetivo: identificar la prevalencia durante la vida universitaria de violencia sexual (VS) en estudiantes de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (UTP) en el segundo semestre de 2010, y describir las características de la misma. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal. Población: 10.441 estudiantes de pregrado matriculados para segundo periodo académico del 2010. Criterios de exclusión: estudiantes jornada nocturna. Muestra aleatoria estratificada, conservando porcentaje de estudiantes por programa y género, para un total de 128 estudiantes. Se evaluaron cuatro tipos de variables: demográficas (género, edad, programa), violencia (periodo, tipo y lugar), agresión (tipo de agresor, fuerza) y acciones implementadas por las víctimas (informe, respuesta). Los resultados se presentan como proporciones con su respectivo intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados: se realizaron 128 encuestas que involucraron 26 de los 33 que hay en la Universidad. Un total de 17 estudiantes (13%; IC 95%: 8-20%) reportó la existencia de uno o más eventos de violencia sexual durante su vida universitaria. El tipo de violencia sexual más frecuente fue el acoso sexual (28 episodios), el cual fue leve o verbal en el 70%. Hubo dos casos de violación. De las víctimas el 37% reportaron el hecho. Una persona recibió tratamiento. Conclusión: la violencia sexual es un problema al cual el ámbito universitario no es ajeno, y no solo afecta a las mujeres sino también a los hombres. Esta se presenta en sus diferentes formas (desde acoso leve hasta violación) y vulnera los derechos sexuales de los estudiantes que en la mayoría de los casos viven su dolor en silencio.
Objective: Identifying the prevalence of sexual violence (SV) during university life among students of the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, during the second semester of 2010, and to describe its characteristics. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Population: 10,441 undergraduate students enrolled for the second academic period of 2010. Exclusion criteria: night students. Stratified random sample, keeping the percentage of students by program and gender, for a total of 128 students. Four types of variables were analyzed: demographics (gender, age, program); violence (period, type and place); assault (type of assailant, force); and actions taken by the victims (reporting, response). The results are presented as proportions with their respective 95% Confidence Intervals. Results: 128 surveys were conducted involving 26 of the 33 programs offered at the University. A total of 17 students (13%; 95% CI: 8-20%) reported the occurrence of one or more violent sexual events during their university life. The most frequent type of sexual violence was harassment (28 episodes), considered mild or verbal in 70% of cases. There were 2 cases of rape. Of the victims, 37% reported the event, and one person received treatment. Conclusion: Sexual violence is a problem found also in the university world. It does not only affect females but also males, it is found in its different forms (ranging from mild harassment to rape), and constitutes a violation of the students sexual rights. In most cases, the victims have to deal with their pain in silence.