ABSTRACT
Resumo O estudo analisa a elaboração de respostas para o enfrentamento da pandemia da COVID-19 na América Latina. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com base em análise de documentos, dados e medidas políticas adotadas ou anunciadas entre março e dezembro de 2020 em 14 países latino-americanos. A análise compreendeu a apreciação de teor, conteúdo e abrangência das medidas políticas para contenção e mitigação sanitárias e para a reorganização dos serviços de saúde identificadas nos sites governamentais. Complementarmente, incluiu-se indicadores quantitativos demográficos e relativos à situação epidemiológica e resultado do Sringency index. No geral, as respostas dos países latino-americanos foram heterogêneas, apesar de multisetoriais, caracterizando a complexidade e diversidade decisória frente à pandemia. Conclui-se que ainda há muito a refletir sobre as consequências das fragilidades normativas para a consecução das necessidades multidimensionais durante crises sanitárias.
Abstract The study analyzes the development of responses to address the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America. It is a descriptive study based on an analysis of documents, data, and policy measures adopted or announced between March and December 2020 in 14 Latin American countries. The analysis included assessment of the content, tenor, and scope of policy measures for containment and mitigation, health care, and reorganization of health services identified on government websites. In addition, quantitative demographic indicators were included, as well as those related to the epidemiological situation and the result of the Stringency index. In general, the responses of Latin American countries were heterogeneous, albeit multisectoral, characterizing the complexity and diversity of decision making when confronting a pandemic. The conclusion drawn is that there is still a great deal to reflect upon with respect to the consequences of regulatory weaknesses for the achievement of multidimensional demands during health crises.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN El presente ensayo buscó describir el rol de la Atención Primaria en Salud (APS) en Guatemala en la implementación de políticas públicas para la contención de la pandemia, y discutir sus límites y potencialidades. Fueron utilizadas fuentes oficiales de gobierno, cotejadas con experiencias internacionales y literatura científica sobre APS. Inicialmente se describieron el contexto sociodemográfico y el sistema de salud guatemalteco y las principales medidas gubernamentales para contener la Covid-19. Para analizar el papel de la APS se seleccionaron cuatro líneas de análisis: abordaje de la vulnerabilidad social, coordinación del cuidado, vigilancia epidemiológica y promoción e intersectorialidad en salud. Se discuten las dificultades históricas del sistema de salud guatemalteco, que repercuten en la gestión de la pandemia con enfoque hospitalario, inversión temporal, medidas flexibles de aislamiento social y ausencia de diálogo con la población. La experiencia internacional indica que la APS territorializada, con adscripción poblacional, tiene impacto en la disminución de las inequidades, en la coordinación del cuidado para promoción de la salud, en el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica y en el incremento de la intersectorialidad. Guatemala debe reconocer las potencialidades de la APS para realizar reformas estructurales y organizacionales con perspectiva intercultural, de género, participación social e intersectorialidad.
ABSTRACT The present essay sought to describe the role of Primary Healthcare (PHC) in Guatemala, discussing its limits and potentialities at public policies implementation to contain the Covid-19 pandemic. Official government sources were compared to international experiences and scientific literature on PHC. A socio-demographic characterization and health system description were made, followed by stating the government's measures to contain the pandemic. It proposes four lines to analyze the role of PHC: addressing social vulnerability, care coordination, epidemiological surveillance, and health promotion and intersectionality. It discusses the historical deficiencies of the Guatemalan health system affecting the pandemic's management, characterized by a hospital-centered approach, temporary investment, flexible social distancing strategies, and the lack of dialogue with the population. International experience indicates that territorialized PHC with population assignment has an impact on reducing inequities, coordinating care for health promotion, strengthening epidemiological surveillance systems, and increasing intersectionality. Guatemala must recognize the potential of PHC to carry out structural and organizational reforms with intercultural, gender equity, social, and intersectional perspectives.