ABSTRACT
Cytokines are molecules that were initially discovered in the immune system as mediators of communication between various types of immune cells. However, it soon became evident that cytokines exert profound effects on key functions of the central nervous system, such as food intake, fever, neuroendocrine regulation, long-term potentiation, and behavior. In the 80's and 90's our group and others discovered that the genes encoding various cytokines and their receptors are expressed in vascular, glial, and neuronal structures of the adult brain. Most cytokines act through cell surface receptors that have one transmembrane domain and which transduce a signal through the JAK/STAT pathway. Of particular physiological and pathophysiological relevance is the fact that cytokines are potent regulators of hypothalamic neuropeptidergic systems that maintain neuroendocrine homeostasis and which regulate the body's response to stress. The mechanisms by which cytokine signaling affects the function of stress-related neuroendocrine systems are reviewed in this article.
Subject(s)
Humans , Axis, Cervical Vertebra/physiology , Central Nervous System/physiology , Endocrine System/physiology , Hypothalamic Hormones/physiology , Immune System/physiology , Interleukin-1/physiology , Adrenal Glands/physiology , Adrenal Glands/physiopathology , Axis, Cervical Vertebra/physiopathology , Central Nervous System/immunology , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology , Hypothalamus/physiology , Hypothalamus/physiopathology , Pituitary Gland/physiology , Pituitary Gland/physiopathology , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiology , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Adotando criterios hematologicos e sorologicos bem definidos para o diagnostico de mononucleose infecciosa com anticorpos heterofilos presentes, foram estudados retrospectivamente, em relacao a distribuicao etaria, sazonal e de sexo, todos os pacientes (87 no total) que se apresentaram com este diagnostico em tres instituicoes medicas da cidade de Sao Paulo, durante o periodo de estudo.Analisando os resultados obtidos, concluem os Autores que em Sao Paulo, onde a infeccao pelo virus de Epstein-Barr (VEB) se da principalmente nos primeiros anos de vida, a distribuicao etaria desta doenca seria diferente da encontrada em populacoes de paises desenvolvidos, pois a porcentagem de casos observados no grupo etario de 6-10 anos (28,7%) aproximou-se bastante da porcentagem de casos observados no grupo etario de 16 a 20 anos (34,5%) e alem disso 55,l% do total de casos tinha menos de 16 anos de idade. A analise de pacientes por mes de diagnostico nao mostrou nenhuma distribuicao sazonal caracteristica, nao tendo tambem sido notada nenhuma diferenca quanto ao sexo. Alem disso, ficou mais uma vez comprovada a limitacao da dosagem de anticorpos IgG anti-capside do VEB para o diagnostico de infeccoes agudas por este virus