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1.
Biota Neotrop. (Online, Ed. ingl.) ; 21(3): e20201153, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1285471

ABSTRACT

Abstract: Galling insects are specialist herbivorous that have the ability of manipulating plant tissue to form complex biological structures called galls. Even though different organisms have the ability to induce galls in plants, insect galls have the highest degree of structural complexity. The main goal of this study was to obtain a preliminary systematic record of plant gall morphotypes from the Guanacaste Conservation Area in Costa Rica and integrate the information into a biological database. Plant gall morphotypes were recorded, characterized and deposited into a specialized herbarium established as a reference for the inventory. Moreover, organisms associated with gall morphotypes were included in the inventory when it was possible to obtain and identify them. Galls were collected in the rainy season over a period of three years. In total, we recorded forty-four families, seventy genera, and eighty-seven host plant species. One hundred thirty-one morphotypes of plant galls were identified in the Guanacaste Conservation Area. The family with the highest number of gall morphotypes was Fabaceae (8.4%). Leaves were the organ with the largest number of galls (71%), followed by stems (17.6%), and apical buds (6.9%). The predominant gall shape was globular (25.2%), followed by discoid (18.3%). Fifty-nine percent of the galls had a glabrous texture, which was most common on leaves, with 77%. One hundred twenty of our field records (91.6%) of plant galls were new morphotypes not only for Costa Rica but also the world. As a consequence of this research and considering the prospect of future increases in new gall records (and associated organisms), we proposed having the biological entities resulting from the inventory placed in a cecidiarium. This repository represents a standardized and comprehensive way to manage the data and biological materials associated with the plant galls. We also suggest a nomenclature for standardizing gall morphotype registries and identifications. This work is the first and most detailed inventory of plant galls carried out thus far in the Guanacaste Conservation Area.


Resumo: Os insetos galhadores são herbívoros especializados, que têm a habilidade de manipular os tecidos vegetais, formando uma complexa estrutura biológica. Diferentes organismos têm a capacidade de induzir galhas, porém as de insetos têm maior grau de complexidade estrutural. O principal objetivo desse estudo foi realizar um levantamento sistemático preliminar das galhas de insetos na Área de Conservação Guanacaste, na Costa Rica, e inserir as informações em uma base de dados biológicos. Os morfotipos de galhas foram registrados, caraterizados e depositados em um herbário estabelecido como base de referência deste inventário. Além disso, quando foi possível obter e identificar os organismos associados a cada morfotipo de galha, eles foram incluídos no inventário. As amostras de galhas foram coletadas na estação chuvosa, durante três anos. No total, foram registradas 44 famílias, 70 gêneros e 87 espécies de plantas hospedeiras. Cento e trinta e um morfotipos de galhas foram identificados na Área de Conservação de Guanacaste. A família com o maior número de morfotipos de galhas foi Fabaceae (8.4%). Os órgãos vegetais com o maior número de galhas foram as folhas (71,0%), seguidas dos caules (17,6%), e das gemas apicais com 6,9%. A forma predominante das galhas foi globoide (25,2%), seguida da lenticular (18,3%) e 59% das galhas apresentaram textura glabra, observada mais frequentemente folhas (77%). Cento e vinte morfotipos de galhas (91.6%) representaram novos registros não só na Costa Rica como também no mundo. Como consequência desta pesquisa e considerando as perspectivas de aumentos futuros de novos registros de galhas (e organismos associados), nós propomos que as entidades biológicas resultantes deste inventário sejam depositadas em um cecidiário. Este repositório representa uma maneira padronizada e abrangente de gerenciar e integrar os dados e os materiais biológicos associados às galhas das plantas. Também sugerimos uma terminologia para padronizar os registros e identificações dos morfotipos de galhas. Este inventário de galhas em plantas é o primeiro e o mais detalhado já realizado na Área de Conservação Guanacaste.

2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 67(6)dic. 2019.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1507587

ABSTRACT

Galls are defined as modifications of the normal developmental design of plants, produced by a specific reaction to the presence and activity of a foreign organism. Although different organisms have the ability to induce galls in plants, insect-induced galls are the most elaborate and diverse. Some hypotheses have been proposed to explain the induction mechanism of plant galls by insects. The most general hypothesis suggests that gall formation is triggered by the action of chemical substances secreted by the gall inducer, including plant growth regulators such as auxins, cytokinins, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and other types of compounds. However, the mode of action of these chemical substances and the general mechanism by which the insect could control and manipulate plant development and physiology is still not known. Moreover, resulting from the complexity of the induction process and development of insect galls, the chemical hypothesis is very unlikely a complete explanation of the mechanism of induction and morphogenesis of these structures. Previous and new highlights of insect gall systems with emphasis on the induction process were analyzed on the basis of the author's integrated point of view to propose a different perspective of gall induction, which is provided in this article. Due to the extraordinary diversity of shapes, colors, and complex structures present in insect galls, they are useful models for studying how form and structure are determined at the molecular level in plant systems. Furthermore, plant galls constitute an important source of material for the study and exploration of new chemical substances of interest to humans, due to their physiological and adaptive characteristics. Considering the finely tuned control of morphogenesis, structural complexity, and biochemical regulation of plant galls induced by insects, it is proposed that an induction mechanism mediated by the insertion of exogenous genetic elements into the genome of plant gall cells could be involved in the formation of this kind of structure through an endosymbiotic bacterium.


Las agallas se definen como modificaciones del diseño y desarrollo normal de las plantas debido a una reacción específica a la presencia y actividad de un organismo foráneo. Aunque diferentes grupos de organismos tienen la habilidad de inducir agallas en plantas, las agallas inducidas por insectos son las más elaboradas y diversas. Algunas hipótesis han sido propuestas para explicar el mecanismo de inducción de las agallas de insectos. La hipótesis más general sugiere que la formación de las agallas es disparada por la acción de sustancias químicas secretadas por el insecto inductor, incluyendo reguladores de plantas como auxinas, citoquininas, ácido-3-indolacético (AIA) o bien otros tipos de compuestos. No obstante, el modo de acción de estas sustancias químicas y el mecanismo general por medio del cual el insecto podría controlar y manipular el desarrollo y fisiología de la planta es aún desconocido. Más aún, como resultado de la complejidad del proceso de inducción y desarrollo de las agallas de plantas inducidas por insectos, la hipótesis química es una explicación insuficiente e incompleta en relación con el mecanismo de inducción y morfogénesis de estas estructuras. Previas y nuevas evidencias relacionadas con el sistema de agallas de insectos, con énfasis en el proceso de inducción, fueron analizadas desde un punto de vista integral del autor para proponer en este artículo una perspectiva diferente sobre la inducción de este tipo de estructuras. Debido a la extraordinaria diversidad de formas, colores y estructuras complejas presentes en las agallas de insectos, las mismas constituyen modelos útiles para estudiar cómo la forma y la estructura son determinadas a nivel molecular en los sistemas vegetales. Además, las agallas de plantas son un importante origen de material para el estudio y exploración de nuevas sustancias químicas de interés humano, debido a las características fisiológicas y adaptativas que presentan. Considerando el control fino del proceso de morfogénesis, regulación bioquímica y complejidad estructural de las agallas de insectos, se propone que un mecanismo de inducción mediado por la inserción de elementos genéticos exógenos dentro del genoma de las células de la planta que forman la agalla podría estar involucrado en la formación de este tipo de estructuras, vía una bacteria endosimbiótica.

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