Anatomical study of the caprine mammary gland and its correspondence to ultrasonographic findings

The present work aimed to provide a guide for the anatomical and systemic evaluation of caprine mammary gland by radiographical and ultrasound mammography which may be a useful technique in the assessment of the anatomical morphology [teat, gland cistern, the duct system, glandular parenchyma and suspensory ligaments]. For this purpose a sum of twenty udder were dissected and six alive goats in different age of lactation were examined by brightness mode [B. mode] ultrasonography with 5 MHZ [sector] and 6 MHZ [Linear] transducer. The dimensions of another 30 teats were also given. The caprine mammary gland acquired a globular pendulous glandular body. From the middle of the base of each body a peg-like teat was erected. By the use of a magnifying lens the teat showed three different layers, an external, middle and an internal one. These layers appeared sonographically as two hyperechoic bands separated by a central hypoechoic one. The cavity system of the mammary gland could be distinguished into a teat canal and lactiferous sinus. The latter comprises a Pars papillaris and Pars glandularis. In addition the glandular portion of the gland depends on the stage of lactation. This could be necessary for further understanding of some surgical and pathological problems that may be beneficial for further studies

Anatomical and radiological observations on the temporomandibular articulation in various mammals Part 1 Ruminants

The present study was carried out on 5 head specimens each from cattle, sheep and goats of different ages and sexes. The aim of this work was designed to investigae the best site for surgical exposure of the tempromandibular joint, the structure of which was anatomically and radiologicallly described

Venous drainage of the gastrointestinal tract in the goat

The venous drainage of the gastrointestinal tract in the goat was performed by means of three main vessels; V. gastroduodenalis, V. lienalis and V. mesentrica cranialis. The former, vascularized the duodenum and abomasum. The V. lienalis drained the four compartments of the stomach. The V. mesentrica cranialis conveyed the venous blood from the small intestine and the ascending colon. The present study revealed that the venous blood of the transverse and descending colons was drained by the V.mesentrica caudalis which is considered as a collateral branch of the V. mesentrica cranialis. The study also demonstrated a considerable amount of venous anastomises within the entire wall of the abomasum, formed between the gastric branches of the V. gastrica sinistra, V. gastroepiploica sinstra, V. gastrica dextra and V. gastroepiploica dextra. The suitable sites for surgical approach in case of ruminal and reticular affections were also described