Blood and tissue levels of diazinon in rabbit following a subacute dermal exposure to incremental doses

Uncontrolled application of diazinon [DZN] can cause environmental contamination and adverse health effects on humans or animals. This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects and the level of DZN in serum and tissues of rabbits following a sub acute dermal exposure to toxicant. Different doses of DZN were applied daily to New Zealand rabbits through the ear skin in incremental doses for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and the end of each dose-week period. Tissue samples were collected from brain, muscle, kidney and liver on day 28, after euthanizing the rabbits. DZN contents of the blood and tissue samples were measured using a reversed phase HPLC system. Clinical observations indicated signs of toxicity in the animals exposed to DZN as shown by diarrhea and body weight loss from day twenty. The level of DZN in the blood elevated with enhancing exposure time and reached the highest level at the end of the fourth week [0.620 +/- 0.26ppm]. The highest level of DZN was found in the brain tissue [0341 +/- 0.015 ppm]. The results of this study revealed the tissue accumulation and subsequent toxic effects of DZN following the subacute dermal exposure to the toxicant. It suggests that the determination of the toxicant level in the serum or tissue can be a monitoring method for the detection of the contamination rate

[Bioequivalence study of two closantel formulations in sheep]

Bioequivalence study is a scientific and practical method used to compare the quality of a generic drug with a reference product. This study aimed to examine the bioequivalence of two closantel formulations produced with different sources of raw material by a domestic pharmaceutical company. Due to long half-life of closantel, the study carried out by a parallel method. Thirty sheep were divided into 2 groups of 15 each. In the first group [test group] each sheep received 500 mg bolus of closantel and in the second group [reference group], each sheep received a 500 mg bolus of closantel produced with a raw material from a Belgium Company. Blood samples were collected at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 48 and 72 hours after drug administration. An HPLC system was used to determine the amount of closantel in plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters including area under curve [AUC], C[max], T[max], Kel and t[1/2] of closantel were determined in each sheep. A t-student test was used to analyze and compare the results. The mean +/- SD of C[max] in reference and test groups were 56.38 +/- 14.28 micro g/ml, 51.44 +/- 10.55, respectively. T[max] in reference and test groups were 22.93 +/- 2.81, 23.72 +/- 1.83 h, respectively. AUC [0-72] in reference and test drugs were 2049.1 +/- 421.2 and, 1795.1 +/- 421.2, respectively. AUC [0- infinity] in reference and test were 2557.3 +/- 621.5 and 2171.1 +/- 80.K[el] in reference group was 0.0321 +/- 0.0144 while in test it was 0.0348 +/- 0.0128. t[1/2] in reference and test groups were 24.85 +/- 8.34 h and, 22.29 +/- 8.03 h, respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that there was not significant difference between reference and test group, suggesting that two products were bioequivalent

Biochemical, hematological and pathological alterations associated with ascites in broilers and the role of oxygen-derived free radicals

Three hundred and fifteen day -old chickens were used to test the relationship between oxygen- derived free radicals and the biochemical, hematological and pathological alterations[associtd with ascites]. They were randomly divided into three experimental groups and ascites were developed in two groups of animals by exposing them to low temperature or administration of triiodothyronine [T[3],], and the third group was used as control. Different hematological, biochemical and pathological tests were used to determine the incidence of ascites in birds. These include total red blood cell [RBC], hematochrit [PCV], activities of alanine transaminase [ALT] and aspartate transaminase [AST] and the ratio of right ventricular weight to total ventricular weight [RV/TV]. Two hydroxylated salicylic acid [SA] metabolites, 2, 3- and 2, 5-dihydroxy benzoic acids [2, 3- and 2, 5-DHBA], were measured. by HPLC system to detect the generation of hydroxyl [OH] radicals. An analysis of variance [ANOVA] was used to determine the differences between different experimental groups. Ascites syndrome was observed in T[3] and low temperature treated groups as shown by necropsy changes and significant increases [p < 0.05] in the amount of RBC, PCV, ALT, AST and the ratio of RV/TV. While the significant increase was shown in the amounts of 2,3- and 2,5-DHBAfrom day 11, the alteration in the values of enzymes and hematoloic parameters and ratio of RV/TV occurred from days 18, 25 and 32 respectively. It can be concluded that OH radicals may be involved in the initiation of ascites syndrome, but the biochemical, hematological and pathological changes induced by these agents, can cause ascites and other alterations

[Simultaneous determination of salicylic acid and its hydroxylated metabolites in poultry serum by HPLC]

To introduce an HPLC method for indirect measuring of hydroxyl radicals in poultry serum. Chromatographic study. Poultry serum. By acidification of serum with 1.0 M HCl, salicylic acid [SA] and its hydroxylated metabolites were extracted into diethylether, dried and redissolved in mobile phase buffer and HCl. It was filtered and 20 micro L of the filtrate injected into the HPLC system. The chromatographic condition was as follows: acetate-citrate buffer [94%]: methanol [6%] as mobile phase run at 1.2 ml/min through a C18 column using UV and EC detectors concurrently. Descriptive statistics good. Separations among these compounds obtained without any interference with poultry serum elements. Calibration curves for SA and Dihydroxy benzoic acids [DHBAs] were linear at 0.28-88 micro g/ml [R[2] =0.996] and 0.3 -12.3 micro g/ml [R[2] = 0.998], respectively. Detection limit for SA and DHBAs were 0.56 micro g/ml and 0.3 micro g/ml, respectively. Precision of the method [CV%] as intra- and inter-day variations were defined for SA [2.5 -6.5%, 4.4-6.8%], 2,3-DHBA [4.2-8.5%, 5.8-9.0%] and 2, 5-DHBA [4.1-6.8%, 5.9- 7.4%]. Recovery of the method for SA and DHBA were 87 +/- 5% and 92 +/- 4%, respectively. This method is useful for simultaneous determination of SA and its hydroxylated metabolites in poultry serum as an indirect measurement of hydroxyl radicals