Effects of Erastin on depressive- and anxiety-like behavior and the expression of hippocampal ferroptosis-related proteins in rats / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of intrahippocampal injection of ferroptosis inducer Erastin on depressive- and anxiety-like behavior and the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins in rats.Methods:Forty 6-week-old healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups ( n=8/group): Control group, Erastin low-dose(200 ng/μL) group, Erastin medium-dose(400 ng/μL) group, Erastin high-dose group(600 ng/μL) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 μg/L) group.After the intrahippocampal injection of Erastin(2.5 μL per side), body weight, and behavioral tests, including sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swimming test (FST), open field test (OFT), and elevated plus maze (EPM), were performed to evaluate depressive- and anxiety-like phenotypes from the fourth day after injection.The levels of ferroptosis-related proteins and mRNA, including glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2), ferritin heavy polypeptide 1 (FTH1), long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4), solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) were measured using real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis.SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis.One-Way ANOVA was used for multi-group comparison, and LSD was used for further pound-wise comparison. Results:(1)Body weight and behavioral tests: there were no statistically significant differences in baseline body weight and behavioral tests in these groups ( F=0.02-1.15, all P>0.05). After intrahippocampal injection, compared with the control group, medium-dose Erastin induced depression-like behaviors in rats more significantly, as indicated by reduced bodyweight ((245.20±5.24)g, (267.45±13.16)), sucrose preference in SPT ((32.14±8.51)%, (68.17±13.67)%), central time in OFT ((6.01±2.57)s, (16.49±7.21)s), percentage of time in open arm in EPM ((5.00±3.83)%, (19.63±5.91)%) and increased immobility time in FST ((37.00±7.58)s, (12.50±5.51)s) and percentage of time in closed arm in EPM ((89.43±4.77)%, (59.96±9.91)%), and there were statistically significant differences in these groups (all P<0.05). (2)The expression of ferroptosis-related indicators: after intrahippocampal injection, the expression of mRNA ( F=2.23, 8.37, 2.91, 7.60, 3.16, all P<0.05) and protein ( F=3.31, 40.13, 8.52, 3.70, 70.79, all P<0.05) of FTH1, GPX4, SLC7A11, COX2 and ACSL4 in hippocampus were statistically significant differences in the 5 groups.The mRNA and protein levels of FTH1, GPX4 and SLC7A11 in Erastin medium-dose group were lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05), while the mRNA and protein levels of COX2 and ACSL4 were higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). Conclusion:Intrahippocampal microinjection of Erastin(400 ng/μL) can induce ferroptosis in hippocampus of rats and can also induce depressive-like behaviors in rats.

Advances in the study of the roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia / 四川精神卫生

This paper aims to present a review of the research progress on the roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and microglia-mediated inflammation in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric disorder in which the immuno-inflammatory pathway is considered to be one of the main pathogenic mechanisms of disease， and manifested by microglia activation and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines in the brain. However， the biological mechanism underlying immune disorder in schizophrenia has not been fully elucidated. In recent years， accumulating evidence has indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a key role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Therefore， this article reviews the research progress on the roles of mitochondrial days function and microglia-mediated inflammation in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia， so as to inform the study of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Neural mechanism of environmental enrichment improving depression / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Depression is a common psychiatric disorder characterized by low mood with complex pathophysiological mechanisms and poor effect of pharmacological treatment.The animals were placed in greater sensory, physical and/or social stimuli than those of the standard feeding environment, so that they can obtain positive plasticity and adaptability.Environmental enrichment(EE) is a common intervention to improve brain function in laboratory.A large number of studies have shown that EE had significant ameliorative effects on various animal models of depression, but the mechanisms have not been yet fully understood with outcome heterogeneity in ethology.There was no universally accepted and unified paradigm and standard for EE due to its multi-dimensionality and complexity.Therefore, it is necessary to improve the structural components and implementation steps of EE by integrating the existing data.Combined with recent studies on animal models of depression, this paper reviewed the anti-depression mechanism of EE from promoting hippocampal neurogenesis, reducing neuroinflammation, regulating neuroendocrine and affecting epigenetic modifications, in order to provide new ideas for mechanisms research and treatment of depression.As the rise of precision medicine and individualized medicine brings human growing interest in exploring the sources and mechanisms of inter-individual differences and intra-group effects of depression, it will be a challenge to translate EE to the human society in a rational way.

Associations of white matter microstructural abnormalities with clinical symptoms, cognitive impairment and clinical outcomes in the early course of first-episode schizophrenia / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To investigate the associations of brain white matter integrity deficits, and to explore the association of fractional anisotropy (FA) abnormality with clinical symptoms and cognitive impairments, as well as the prediction effect of the FA alterations on symptoms and cognitive function outcomes in the acute stage of schizophrenia from the whole brain level based on magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).Methods:From November 2019 to December 2020, thirty-eight patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 38 healthy controls were recruited in this study. Wisconsin card classification test (WCST), digit span test (DST forward/backward), verbal fluency test, Stroop (A/B/C), trail making test (TMT-A/B), as well as positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) were utilized to evaluate patients' cognitive function and clinical symptoms both before and after 8 weeks of risperidone monotherapy. T1-weighted images and DTI data of all the subjects were collected . FSL and SPM8 were used to preprocess MRI data and compare the between-group differences of FA. Support vector machine (SVM) analysis was used to evaluate the accuracy of abnormal FA values in differentiating schizophrenic patients from healthy controls. Finally, stepwise multiple regression analysis or generalized linear models were used to explore the associations between white matter integrity and symptoms or cognition.Results:Before treatment, patients' FA values of right medial temporal lobe (mTL), cuneus, anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) and inferior parietal lobe (IPL) were significantly lower than those in healthy controls ( P<0.01, GRF corrected), and patients' FA values of bilateral middle cingulate gyrus (mCG) were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.01, GRF corrected). SVM analysis showed that four combinations could distinguish the patients from the control with the most accurate rate of 89.47%. Patients' baseline decreased FA values in the right IPL were positively associated with their increased total response time in WCST ( β=0.489, P=0.003, FDR corrected), correct response time in WCST ( β=0.450, P=0.008, FDR corrected), error response time in WCST ( β=0.435, P=0.008, FDR corrected), TMT-B ( β=0.296, P=0.042, FDR corrected), Stroop-C ( β=0.345, P=0.035, FDR corrected), and PANSS-P ( β=0.321, P=0.042, FDR corrected). Reduced FA values in the right mTL in patient group were significantly negatively related to the total time spent on the TMT-A ( β=-0.425, P=0.009, FDR corrected) and TMT-B ( β=-0.325, P=0.026 with FDR correction). Increased FA values in right mCG in patient group demonstrated positive associations with total response time in the WCST ( β=0.585, P=0.002, FDR corrected), correct response time in WCST ( β=0.524, P=0.003, FDR corrected), error response time in WCST ( β=0.536, P=0.003, FDR corrected) and total time consuming in TMT-B ( β=0.484, P=0.004, FDR corrected), as well as negative associations with DST-forward ( β=-0.319, P=0.042, FDR corrected). After treatment, patients' percentage changes in total response time of WCST ( β=0.715, P<0.001, FDR corrected), correct response time of WCST ( β=0.752, P<0.001, FDR corrected), as well as total time-consuming of TMT-A ( β=1.333, P=0.001, FDR corrected) showed positive correlations with baseline increased FA values in the left mCG. Percentage alteration of Stroop-B was negatively correlated with baseline FA values in the right cuneus ( β=-0.745, P=0.015, FDR corrected). Conclusions:The combination of abnormal FA values in multiple brain regions may be potential biomarkers to distinguish schizophrenic patients from healthy volunteers. There was regional dependence in the associations of the impairment of white matter integrity with the cognitive impairment, the severity of psychopathological symptoms as well as the prognosis of patients in the acute stage.

Effects of hippocampal AKT/GSK3β/CRMP2 signaling pathway on depression-like behavior and tubulin in rats / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To study the effects of LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase(PI3K) inhibitor, on the AKT/GSK3β/CRMP2 signaling pathway, and the effect of pathway alterations on the depression-like behavior and microtubulin proteins of SD rats.Methods:Sixteen adult male SD rats were randomly divided into LY294002 group and solvent DMSO group by blind method, 8 rats in each group.After anesthesia, the rats were subjected to stereotactic tube placement in the hippocampal CA1 area. After 1 week of the tube placement, stereoscopic injection of LY294002 or DMSO was given, and depression-like behaviors were detected. RT-qPCR technology was used to detect hippocampal AKT, GSK3β, CRMP2, and tubulin mRNA expression levels, and Western blot technology was used to detect the expression levels of hippocampal AKT, p-AKT, GSK3β, p-GSK3β, CRMP2, p-CRMP2, and microtubule dynamic-related proteins markers Acet-tubulin, Tyr-tubulin. Analysis and comparison of behavioral and molecular expression differences between the two groups were conducted.Results:The open field experiment showed that the central movement distance of the rats in the LY294002 group were significantly lower than those in the control group((3.64±2.17) cm, (31.51±12.68) cm; t=2.69, P=0.03), and the duration of the central area in the LY294002 group were also significantly lower than those in the control group((0.73±0.46)s, (4.85±2.10)s; t=2.33, P=0.04). The results of the forced swimming test showed that the immobility time of rats in the LY294002 group had upward trend, but the difference was not statistically significant. The sucrose preference results showed no significant difference in sugar water consumption between the two groups ( P>0.05). The RT-qPCR results showed that the expression level of CRMP2 mRNA in the LY294002 group decreased significantly ( P<0.05). Western blot results showed that compared with solvent DMSO group, the expression levels of p-AKT and p-GSK3β in the LY294002 group decreased ( P<0.05), the expression level of CRMP2 was decreased and the expression level of p-CRMP2 was significantly increased. At the same time, the expression level of Tyr-tubulin decreased, while Acet-tubulin level increased significantly, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion:LY294002 affects AKT/GSK3β/CRMP2 signaling pathway, induces impairment of microtubular dynamic, and results in depression-like behavior in rats.

Autonomic nervous function and electrogastrography analysis in patients with major depression disorder / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To study the alterations of autonomic nervous function in patients with major depression disorder, and to observe the relationship of their gastric electrical activity with the duration of depression, its severity and gastrointestinal symptoms.Methods:Electrogastrography (EGG) was performed before and after a test meal ingestion in 38 depressive patients and 38 healthy control subjects.The severity of depression was evaluated through Hamilton depression scale(HAMD-21) and Beck depression inventory(BDI). Autonomic symptoms were recorded by autonomic nervous symptom-score(ANS-score).Results:The amount of tachygastria in patients with depression before and after test meal were (24.99±1.73)%, (23.66±1.86)% respectively, the amount of tachygastria in healthy controls before and after test meal were(19.80±1.65)%, (15.48±1.50)% respectively.There was a significant group effect ( F(1, 148)=15.6, P=0.0001)) between the two groups.The amount of tachygastria between the two groups before and after test meal were significant different (before test meal P=0.033, after test meal P=0.001). The main power in patients with depression before and after test meal were(21.20±2.71)dB, (20.90±2.66)dB respectively, the main power in healthy controls before and after test meal were(26.45±2.62)dB, (28.94±2.68)dB respectively.There was a significant group effect ( F(1, 148)=6.203, P=0.014) between the two groups.The main power between the two groups after test meal were significant different( P=0.037). The percentage of arrythmia after test meal in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms(5.17±0.56)% was higher than the patients without gastrointestinal symptoms(3.19±0.46)%, the differences were statistically significant( P=0.011). And there was a significant difference ( P=0.029)of the instability coefficient of main power after test meal between the patients with gastrointestinal symptoms (0.44±0.06) and the patients without gastrointestinal symptoms (0.27±0.05). Besides, there was a significant positive correlation between duration of depression and percentage of postprandial tachycardia( r=0.491, P=0.002). Conclusion:Patients with depression have autonomic nerve dysfunction and abnormal gastric motility, which is related to the duration of the disease and whether the patients are accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms.Electrogastrography can also be used as an index to measure autonomic nervous function in patients with depression.

Correlation analysis of serum vitamin and trace element levels and bone age in short stature children / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the serum vitamin and trace element levels in children with short stature and their correlation with bone age. Methods Levels of serum VA and VD, and trace elements Ca, Fe, Zn, Mg, Cu, Pb and Cd were measured in 322 children who were referred for height consultation. Bone ages were evaluated and the correlation between bone age and serum vitamin and trace element levels was analyzed. Results The VA and VD deficiency rates of these 322 children were 22.05% and 34.16%, respectively. The deficiency rates of trace elements Ca, Fe and Zn were14.29%, 21.43% and 6.83%, respectively. The Pb excess rate was as high as 42.55%. The rates of bone age (BA) retardation in Group Ⅰ (short) and Group Ⅱ (slightly short) were 49.38% and 37.57%, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of Group Ⅲ (normal). The Ca level of BA retardation children was lower than that of the normal BA children in Group I. The VD level of BA retardation children was lower than that of the normal BA children in Group Ⅱ. BA was negatively correlated with VD, Ca, and Cu levels in children (r=-0.241; r=-0.136; r=-0.162), and positively correlated with Fe (r=0.286) . Conclusion There were significant abnormalities of vitamins and trace elements in short children. Children's bone age had a certain correlation with serum vitamin D, calcium, copper, and iron levels. Serum vitamin and trace element levels in children should be monitored to guide a reasonable diet to better promote child growth and development.

Mental health resources and awareness of anxiety and depressive disorders in general hospitals in China

Abstract Background Mental health disorders are common in China. There is a lack of knowledge and resources of mental health in China. Objectives To assess the levels of psychiatric resources and services in general hospitals in China. Methods Data regarding psychiatric departments, wards and staff were collected from 57 general hospitals in four provinces of China (Hubei, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang and Yunnan) between April 2014 and June 2014. Questionnaires were distributed to 1,200 non-psychiatric clinicians. Results Among the 57 hospitals, 50 provided mental health services, 36 had mental health wards, and seven had neither mental health clinics nor wards. The median number of mental health clinicians was six per hospital. The median number of specialized nurses was 42 per hospital. A total of 1,152 non-psychiatric clinicians with a career duration of 9.4 ± 8.9 years returned completed questionnaires. Only 6.9% reported a good understanding of the manifestation of anxiety and depressive disorders, 4.5% reported a good understanding of the diagnostic criteria, and 3.8% reported a good understanding of the treatment protocols. Discussion There is inadequate awareness of anxiety and depressive disorders among non-psychiatric clinicians in general hospitals in China. This awareness/understanding increased with increasing hospital level.

Expert advice on practical use of amisulpride in treatment of schizophrenia / 中国心理卫生杂志

Amisulpride,a kind of the second generation antipsychotics,was marketed in China in 2010.A series of clinical research and experience before and after listed,especially the data based on Chinese population,provided evidence for the generalization and application of amisulpride.In order to optimize the clinical application of amisulpride,and improve the prognosis of patients,Expert Advice on the Practical Use of Amisulpride in the Treatment of Schizophrenia is presented here.This advice is based on the recent evidence and clinical experience,for guiding the clinical medication of amisulpride.

Relationship between executive function and depressive symptoms during the tower of London test in patients with major depressive disorder / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between executive function and depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder( MDD) under the Tower of London Test ( TOL) . Meth-ods Thirty depression patients and thirty age?, gender?, education?matched normal controls participated in the study. All subjects received the Tower of London Test. The severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HAMD) ,Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale( HAMA) and Beck Depression Rating Scale( BDI) . Results ( 1) The numbers of correct response and total response of the TOL in MDD(9.1±5.1,12.1±5.3) were significantly lower than those of the control group(13.8±5.0, 17.3±3.9)(P<0.05).The response time of the TOL test in patients with MDD((10.4±2.8)s) was signifi?cantly longer than that of the control group((8.5±2.2)s)(P<0.05). (2)The scores of HAMD ,BDI and HAMA were negatively correlated with numbers of total response( r=-0.403,-0.544,-0.495,) in patients with MDD ( all P<0.05) . Conclusion The executive function of patients with MDD is impaired and nega?tively correlated with depressive and anxiety symptoms under the Tower of London Test.

Roles of glutamate transporter EAAT2 in occurrence and treatment of depression / 中国药理学通报

The glutamate transporter EAAT 2 ( rodent nomencla-ture GLT-1:glutamate transporter 1), which is a predominantly astroglial glutamate transporter in the hippocampus and the pre-frontal cortex , is responsible for the majority of extracellular glu-tamate uptake .The glutamate transporter EAAT 2 can decrease the high levels of glutamate in the synaptic cleft , avoiding gluta-matergic excitotoxicity to damage the glial cells and neurons . Currently, the transporter EAAT2 has become a research hotspot of depression .This article aims to summarize roles of glutamate transporter EAAT2 in the occurrence and treatment of depres-sion.

Establishment of the physician authorization management system at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University / 中华医院管理杂志

A comprehensive physician authorization management system has been established at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University in its effort of promoting the clinical standardization.This system covers authorization of prescription,disposition,surgery,and medical report among others,adhering to the principle of clear,complete quantitative competence-based,authorization.The training and assessment of physicians in parallel canimprove physicians' competence and quality of care.

The analysing of ERPs P300 characeristics and the brain network connections in first-episode depressions / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristics of the event related potential(ERP) P300 and analyze brain network connections in patients with first-episode depressions.Methods P300 auditory oddball task were administrated on twenty-nine patients and twenty-five healthy controls.The P300 amplitude and latency of two groups were compared,and the brain network connectivity of the two groups were analyzed using Granger's Causality analysis.Results The P300 amplitude in depression group were significantly different from those in control group (C3 of the central regions(15.77±7.35) μV vs (20.90±7.82)μV;C4 of the central regions(16.98±7.21) μV vs (22.11±7.50) μV;P3 of the parietal regions(15.65±6.92) μV vs (19.49±5.73) μV;P4 of the parietal(16.35± 6.46) μV vs P4(19.72±5.18) μV;P=0.009,P=0.007,P=0.017,P=0.024 respectively).However,the P300 latency had no significant difference comparing to the controls(P＞0.05).The results also showed that patients had more connections in the brain network.Conclusion As an effective evaluation index,ERP P300 can play an important role in clinical diagnosis of depression.Patients suffering from depression have significant cognition function deficit.

Effects of fluoxetine and escitalopram on depressive-like behavior and hippocampal BDNF gene expression in adult rats / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of different duration of fluoxetine and escitalopram administration on depressive-like behavior and hippocampal BDNF expression in adult rats.Methods Ninety-six SD rats were randomly divided into twelve groups: (1)M 1 group: normal control for one week, (2)M2 group: CUMS +saline for one week, (3)M3 group: CUMS+fluoxetine for one week, (4) M4 group: CUMS+escitalopram for one week, (5) M5 group : normal control for two weeks, (6) M6 group : CUMS+ saline for two weeks, (7) M7 group : CUMS+fluoxetine for two weeks, (8)M8 group: CUMS+escitalopram for two weeks, (9)M9 group: normal control for three weeks,(10) M10 group: CUMS+saline for three weeks, (11)M11 group: CUMS+fluoxetine for three weeks, (12) M8 group: CUMS+escitalopram for three weeks.After CUMS procedures,rats in M2 group,M6 group and M10 group were injected with saline, M3 group, M7 group and M11 group were injected with fluoxetine, and rats in M4 group,M8 group,M12 group were injected with escitalopram.After one week of intervention,the openfield test and 1％ sucrose preference test were performed to evaluate depression-like behaviors in rats of M1 group, M2 group,M3 group and M4 group.After behavior test,rats were sacrificed and the hippocampi were isolated.The expression of BDNFmRNA was detected by using real-time quantitative PCR.After two weeks of intervention, rats in M5 group,M6 group, M7 group and M8 group underwent the same behavioral.After three weeks of intervention, rats in M9 group, M10 group, M11 group and M12 group underwent the same behavioral test.Results In the open-field test,total distance travelled in 10 minutes was significant difference among the following groups: M1 group ((3925.70±322.32) cm) vs M3 group ((1841.85±786.33) cm) ,M6 group ((1820.31±296.00) cm) vs M8 group ((4002.72± 1447.19) cm), M10 ((1961.66±919.16) cm) group vs M11 group ((3741.72± 1064.46)cm) ,M10 group ((1961.66±919.16) cm) vs M12 group ((4280.43±1187.05) cm).In the 1％ sucrose preference test,the difference of sucrose preference consumption was statistically significant (P＜0.05) among the following groups: M2 group ((56.23±7.49)％) vs M4 group ((70.55±4.96)％), M6 group ((60.22±8.81)％) vs M8 group ((75.08±4.15)％) ,M10 group ((60.26±7.20)％) vs M11 group ((73.88±7.73)％) ,M10 group ((60.26 ± ±7.20)％) vs M12 group ((73.52±7.58)％).The expression level of BDNF was significant difference among these groups: M2 group (0.66±0.14) vs M4 group (1.15±0.20) ,M10 group (0.90±0.15) vs M11 group (1.22± 0.09) ,M10 group (0.90±0.15) vs M12 group (1.48±0.20).Conclusion Both of fluoxetine and escitalopram can improve depression-like behaviors in rats and significantly increase the expression of the hippocampal BDNFmRNA.Compared with fluoxetine,escitalopram has a shorter onset time in the treatment of depression.It may be related with a rapid increase of the expression of BDNF mRNA.

Effects of fluoxetine on changes of GLT-1 in rat prefrontal cortex after chronic unpredictable stress / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effects of fluoxe-tine on the changes of of protein levels of GLT-1 in pre-frontal cortex in rat depression model, and to further explore the molecular mechanism of antidepressant ac-tion of fluoxetine. Methods Sixty male SD rats were randomly assigned into three groups: control group, chronic unpredictable stress ( CUS) group, and CUS+fluoxetine group. The rats of CUS group and CUS+flu-oxetine group were subjected to CUS for 2 sessions per day for 35 days. Then, the rats of the CUS+fluoxetine group were given fluoxetine for 28 days. Behavioral changes were assessed by the sucrose preference and open field tests. The GLT-1 protein levels in the pre-frontal cortex were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis at the end of the fluoxetine treatment. Results ( 1 ) Compared with the control group,sucrose preference, total traveling distance, ve-locity and frequencies of rearing were reduced in the CUS group ( P < 0. 01 ) . These behavioral changes could be reversed after 28 day fluoxetine treatment. (2 ) Immunohistochemistry assay indicated weak im-munoreactivity for GLT-1 in the prefrontal cortex of CUS group ( versus the control rats: P <0. 01 ); the immunoreactivity for GLT-1 of the fluoxetine-treated rats was significantly up-regulated compared with the CUS group rats ( P<0. 01 ) . ( 3 ) Western blot analy-sis indicated significant reductions of GLT-1 in the pre-frontal cortex of CUS group ( versus the control rats:P<0. 01 ) , and chronic fluoxetine treatment reversed the CUS-induced decrease in GLT-1 levels ( P <0. 01 ) . Conclusions Chronic unpredictable stress ( CUS ) could down-regulate the GLT-1 protein levels in the prefrontal cortex, which is reversed by fluoxe-tine. These results further support the notion that en-hanced expression of the GLT-1 protein could be mo-lecular mechanism of fluoxetine antidepressant effect.

Survey on the non-psychiatric physician's ability of diagnosis and treatment of depression/anxiety disorders in general hospital / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the status of the non-psychiatrist' s diagnostic and therapeutic ability of depression/anxiety disorders in 57 General Hospitals.Methods 1 152 non psychiatric clinicians in 57 general hospitals were surveyed.A custom-made questionnaire included the training of mental health-related knowledge which the general hospital physicians received and typical anxiety/depression case analysis.Results Among 1 521 non-psychiatric clinicians,596 (51.74％) clinicians participated the training of psychiatry,562 (48.78％) participated the training of medical psychology and 230(20.97％) clinicians participated the training of Healthy Psychology.In professional setting,59 (5.12％) clinicians participated the training of psychotherapy,255 (22.14％) clinicians had attended related academic symposiums.80(6.94％) clinicians believed that they understand the clinical display of anxiety/depression disorders,52 (4.51％) clinicians expressed the understanding of diagnostic criteria of anxiety/depression disorders and its treatments,while 44(3.82％) clinicians only possessed the knowledge of anxiety/depression disorder treatment.In the typical case analysis,it revealed that 794 (68.89％) clinicians made accurate diagnosis,458(57.68％)clinicians made a choice of medical treatment,764(96.22％) clinicians chose psychotherapy,29 (3.65％) clinicians applied physical therapy,while 438 (55.16％) clinicians combined drug therapy with one or more other therapeutic methods.Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the age(P=-0.093,Exp(B)=0.911)and work experience(P=-0.002,Exp(B) =1.080)significantly contribute to the diagnostic accuracy of non-psychiatrists.Conclusion The non-therapeutic psychiatric clinicians in general hospitals have certain basic knowledge of depression/anxiety disorders with lower level of diagnosis and treatment diagnosis and treatment.And there is bigger difference among different hospitals.

Effects of ceftriaxone on depressive-like behavior and changes of hippocampal glutamate transporter-1 in depression model C57 mice / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of ceftriaxone on depressive-like behavior and changes of hippocampal glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) in C57 mice depression model,and to further explore the molecular mechanism of ceftriaxone on antidepressant action.Methods Thirty male C57 mice were randomly divided into control group(group A,n=10),CUS group(group B,n=10) and CUS+ceftriaxone group(group C,n=10).The mice of the CUS group and the CUS+ceftriaxone group were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 2 sessions per day for 21 days.Then,the mice of the CUS+ceftriaxone group were given ceftriaxone for 21 days.Behavioral changes were assessed by the sucrose preference test and open field test.The GLT-1 protein levels in the hippocampus were detected by Western blot analysis at the end of the ceftriaxone treatment.Results (1) Compared with the control group,the percentage of sucrose preference,the total traveled distance,the moved velocity,and the frequencies of rearing of the CUS group were significantly decreased(P＜0.05) at the 21 days.However,the percentage of sucrose preference ((78.74 ± 3.54) ％),the total traveled distance ((6818.35 ± 505.14) cm),the moved velocity((12.36±0.89) cm/s),and the frequencies of rearing(58.20±4.05) of the CUS+ceftriaxone group at the end of the ceftriaxone treatment were improved significantly compared with the CUS group ((59.46 ± 2.75) ％,(2931.71±271.89) cm,(5.84±0.42) cm/s,(26.20±2.62),P＜0.05).(2) Western blot analysis indicated significant reductions of the GLT-1 protein levels in the hippocampus of CUS group (versus the control mice:P ＜0.05),and chronic ceftriaxone treatment reversed the CUS-induced decrease in the GLT-1 levels(P＜0.05).Conclusion Ceftriaxone might significantly improve depressive-like behavior in C57 mice depression model.Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) could down-regulate the GLT-1 protein levels in the hippocampus,which are reversed by ceftriaxone.These results further support the notion enhanced expression of the GLT-1 protcin can be molecular mechanism of ceftriaxone on antidepressant action.

Study of C57 mice depression model induced by chronic stress and separation / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of C57 mice depression model established by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and separation.Methods 30 male C57 mice were randomly divided into three groups:CUMS + separation group (group CS),CUMS + separation + fluoxetine group (group CSF),and control group (group C).The mice of group CS and group CSF were fed with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and separation for 3 weeks.Then,the mice of group CSF were given fluoxetine.To record the food intake/body weight,liquid consumption and field test of the mice at relevant time point.Results Compared with control group,the food intake/body weight,total route in the field test,and the sucrose solution consumption in liquid consumption test of group CS and group CSF decreased significantly (P＜0.05) at the 21th days.But after giving fluoxetine for 14 days,group CSF had no significant differences with group C except sucrose solution consumption.Although the difference of sucrose solution preferences was significant compared with control group(P＜0.05),it was improved significantly compared with CS group (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion The C57 mice depression model established by CUMS and separation are feasible and effective,and it is the ideal animal model of depression.

Relationship between internet addiction and suicidal tendency in undergraduates / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of internet addiction disorder(IAD)and explore its relationship with suicidal tendency of undergraduates.Methods A total of 1517 undergraduates were investigated by using Internet Addiction Scale(IAS),Beck Hopelessness Scale(BHS)and self-made questionnaire.Results The prevalence of lAD was 14.8％.Males,single child,and those at the second grade,with poor performance or higher family income were at a higher risk of internet addiction(P ＜ 0.01).There was significantly positive correlation between internet addiction and suicidal tendency in undergraduates(x2 =76.30,P ＜ 0.01,r =0.40).The risk of suicidal tendency was significantly increased in the high internet addiction score group(OR =12.29,95 ％ CI 6.33 to 23.84).Conclusion Higher prevalence of IAD was found in the undergraduates,which could contribute to the increasing suicide.

Cytoskeletal alterations in rat hippocampus following chronic unpredictable mild stress and re-exposure to acute and chronic unpredictable mild stress / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate behavior and hippocampal cytoskeletal alterations following re-exposure to chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) and acute swimming stress,and explore the possible mechanism.Methods 40 Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into five groups,with 8 exposed to 21 consecutive days of chronic unpredicted mild stresses (CUMS) and treated with vehicle,8 exposed to CUMS and treated with fluoxetine,8 exposed to CUMS and treated with fluoxetine and re-exposed to acute swimming stress after washout,8 exposed to CUMS and treated with fluoxetine and re-exposed to CUMS after washout,and 8 as normal controls treated with vehicle.Behavioral changes in these rats were analyzed.The expressions of hippocampal cytoskeletal microtubulin were analyzed using Western Blot.Results ( 1 ) Compared with the control and CUMS group,sucrose preference (43.38 ± 7.84 ) ％,total traveling distance ( 859.21 ± 653.62 ) cm,velocity ( 2.05 ± 0.60 ) cm/s and frequencies of rearing(0.12 ±0.30) were reduced (P＜0.01 ) in the re-exposure to CUMS group.After re-exposed to acute stress,these behaviors did not differ from control rats.(2)Compared with the control and CUMS group,the Acet-Tub expression (244.24 ± 8.90 )％ of re-exposure to CUMS group showed a significant increase (P＜ 0.01 ) in rats submitted to re-exposure to CUMS and Tyr-Tub expression (30.92 ± 11.01 )％ was significantly decreased following re-exposure to CUMS (P＜0.01).At the same time,MAP-2 expression did not change while phospho-MAP-2 expression (24.75 ± 8.83 )％ decreased significantly.After re-exposed to acute stress,these prorein expressions did not differ from control rats.Conclusion These findings provide evidence that rats re-exposed to CUMS showed more impairment of cytoskeletal microtubular dynamic and structural neuronal plasticity,this effect appears to be mediated by the degree of phosphorylation of MAP-2.