ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To determine whether training on shoulder and elbow surgery influences the orthopedist surgeons' preferred technique to address acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation (ACD). Methods: A survey was conducted with shoulder and elbow specialists and general orthopedists on their preferred technique to address acute ACD. Results: Thirty specialists and forty-five general orthopedists joined the study. Most specialists preferred the endobutton technique, while most general orthopedists preferred the modified Phemister procedure for coracoclavicular ligament repair using anchors. We found no difference between specialists and general orthopedists in the number of tunnels used to repair the coracoclavicular ligament; preferred method for wire insertion through the clavicular tunnels; buried versus unburied Kirschner wire insertion for acromioclavicular temporary fixation; and time for its removal; and regarding the suture thread used for deltotrapezoidal fascia closure. Conclusion: Training on shoulder and elbow surgery influences the surgeons' preferred technique to address acute ACD. Level of Evidence V, Expert Opinion.
ABSTRACT
Sob a influência da gravidade, o tecido ósseo sofre maior ou menor deformação de acordo com a intensidade das atividades da vida diária. Sabe-se que as atividades que resultam em impacto são as que mais estimulam a osteogênese e assim reduzem a perda de massa óssea. Conhecer como as células ósseas reconhecem a deformação mecânica imposta ao osso e iniciam uma série de reações bioquímicas em cadeia é de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento de práticas terapêuticas e preventivas na atividade ortopédica. Ainda há um longo caminho para o entendimento de todo esse processo, mas o conhecimento atual progrediu bastante e há pesquisas com finalidade terapêutica. O sinal mecânico para ser transformado em biológico (mecanotransdução) deve ser amplificado no nível celular pela estrutura histológica do tecido ósseo, gerando tensões em proteínas da membrana celular (integrinas) e alterando a estrutura espacial dessas proteínas. Essa alteração ativa ligações entre elas e o citoesqueleto, originando as adesões focais, locais onde proteínas citoplasmáticas são recrutadas para facilitar as reações bioquímicas. A quinase de adesão focal (FAK) é a principal delas, sendo autoativada após sofrer alteração estrutural pelas integrinas. A FAK ativada incita reações em cascata, resultando na ativação da ERK-1/2 e da Akt, proteínas que, junto com a FAK, regulam a produção da massa óssea. Acredita-se que o osteócito seja a célula óssea responsável por reconhecer o estímulo mecânico e transmiti-lo aos osteoblastos e osteoclastos. Canais iônicos e gap junctions são cogitados como meios de comunicação intercelular para a transmissão bioquímica do estímulo mecânico. Esses eventos ocorrem continuamente no tecido ósseo e regulam a remodelação óssea.
Influenced by gravidity, bone tissue experiences stronger or lighter deformation according to the strength of the activities of daily life. Activities resulting in impact are particularly known to stimulate osteogenesis, thus reducing bone mass loss. Knowing how bone cells recognize the mechanical deformation imposed to the bone and trigger a series of biochemical chain reactions is of crucial importance for the development of therapeutic and preventive practices in orthopaedic activity. There is still a long way to run until we can understand the whole process, but current knowledge has shown a strong progression, with researches being conducted focused on therapies. For a mechanical sign to be transformed into a biological one (mechanotransduction), it must be amplified at cell level by the histological structure of bone tissue, producing tensions in cell membrane proteins (integrins) and changing their spatial structure. Such change activates bindings between these and the cytoskeleton, producing focal adhesions, where cytoplasmatic proteins are recruited to enable easier biochemical reactions. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is the most important one being self-activated when its structure is changed by integrins. Activated FAK triggers a cascade of reactions, resulting in the activation of ERK-1/2 and Akt, which are proteins that, together with FAK, regulate the production of bone mass. Osteocytes are believed to be the mechanosensor cells of the bone and to transmit the mechanical deformation to osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Ionic channels and gap junctions are considered as intercellular communication means for biochemical transmission of a mechanical stimulus. These events occur continuously on bone tissue and regulate bone remodeling.