ABSTRACT
The existing coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is challenging healthcare systems at global level. We provide a practical strategy to reform pathways of emergency elective onco-surgery and colorectal surgery in the COVID- 19 pandemic. The novelists, from areas affected by the COVID-19, thought to outline the key-points to be conferred. Responsibilities were allotted, concerning specific characteristics of surgical emergencies, onco-surgery and colorectal surgery during the pandemic, including the administrative management of the catastrophe in India. The endorsements were collected and summarized. During the swift spread of COVID-19, it remains thoughtful to halt non-cancer procedures and prioritize surgical emergencies. Endoscopy, proctological procedures have to be completed selectively. With colorectal emergencies, a conservative approach is recommended. Detailed procedures should be followed when operating on COVID-19 patients, using committed personal protective equipment and adhering to specific rules, containing minimally invasive surgery. These guidelines summarize the strict instruction of entry/ exit into theatres and operating block as well as advice on performing procedures carefully to decrease risk of contracting the virus. It is likely that restructuring of health system is required, at central, state, and district levels. A description of the strategy adopted in Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College Hospital, Kolhapur is provided. Evidence on the management of patients requiring surgery for surgical emergencies, onco-surgery and colorectal conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic is presently deficient. Healthcare professionals have succeeded with high volumes of surgical patients during the pandemic, could be useful to alleviate some risks and decrease exposure to other patients, public and healthcare staff.
ABSTRACT
The present investigation aims at developing novel injectable in-situ gel containing ornidazole (ORDZ) loaded chitosan microspheres for treatment of periodontal disease. Microspheres were prepared by emulsification-ionotropic gelation method. Prepared microspheres were evaluated extensively for particle size, equilibrium swelling studies, bioadhesion, percentage drug release and antimicrobial activity. The mean diameter of the microspheres was found in the range of 29.1-52.65 µm. The microspheres showed good swelling properties. Percentage equilibrium swelling was dependent upon the amount of chitosan. The in vitro drug release and bioadhesion studies were dependent on the extent of crosslinking and chitosan concentration. The ORDZ–loaded microspheres showed drug encapsulation in the range of 11.02±0.98 - 32.45±0.62 % and sustained the release up to 5 days. The drug release from microspheres was diffusion controlled. The antimicrobial study indicated inhibition of growth of Staphylococcus aureus at all drug concentrations of in vitro release samples. In situ gel containing optimized microspheres extended the drug release up to 7 days. Results of the study demonstrated good bioadhesion of the in-situ gel containing microspheres as well as exhibited sustained release of drug. The in-situ gel containing ORDZ- loaded chitosan microspheres may be an efficient alternative to the other known delivery systems for treatment of Periodontitis.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Staphylococcus is one of the most common causes of nosocomial infection, especially pneumonia, surgical site infections, blood stream infections, and continues to be a major cause of community‑acquired infections. The emergence of penicillin resistance followed by the development and spread of strains resistant to the semisynthetic penicillins such as methicillin, oxacillin and nafcillin, macrolides, tetracycline, and aminoglycosides has made the treatment of staphylococcal infection a global challenge. To treat this multidrug‑resistant methicillin‑resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the only option available is glycopeptides such as vancomycin. However, recently, vancomycin‑intermediate S. aureus and vancomycin‑resistant S. aureus strains have emerged with different resistance mechanism. There are newer drugs in the pipeline against MRSA such as ceftaroline, dalbavancin, oritavancin, and tedizolid; however, very little data are available for their use. Recently, ceftaroline has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and soft tissue infections and community‑acquired bacterial pneumonia due to MRSA. Hence, we tried to evaluate in vitro activity of ceftaroline against MRSA. Aim: The aim of this study was to detect in vitro activity of new cephalosporin, ceftaroline, against MRSA. Materials and Methods: Thirty nonduplicate MRSA strains were collected from various clinical samples, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was detected using ceftaroline E‑test strips. Results: Twenty‑eight MRSA isolates (93.33%) were found to be susceptible to ceftaroline. Conclusion: Ceftaroline demonstrated promising potency and coverage against MRSA isolates and can be considered an effective alternative treatment keeping vancomycin and linezolid as a reserved option.