ABSTRACT
Vitamin D deficiency is one of the prominent nutritional deficiencies in India that needs special attention. The effects of hypovitaminosis D on skeletal and cardiovascular functions are well known. However, its effect on metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still left unexplored. In the present study, our primary aim is to find out the potential effect of hypovitaminosis D in T2DM patients. The study was conducted on 250 T2DM patients mainly from Madhya Pradesh, India. Among them, 125 had hypovitaminosis D (case group) and were compared against the control group of 125 patients with normal serum vitamin D. We were mainly investigating the major T2DM-related complications including chronic kidney disease (CKD), coronary heart disease (CHD and recurrent infections. Major organ functions including liver, kidney, and cardiac functions were affected by hypovitaminosis D in T2DM patients when compared to control counterparts. We also noticed an association between hypovitaminosis D and the exacerbation of T2DM comorbidities. Our findings show the importance of maintaining normal serum vitamin D levels in T2DM patients to avoid further complications.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Physical inactivity has been implicated as a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The healthy lifestyle of medical students could facilitate the formation of healthy physicians who is more likely to give effective preventive counseling to their patients. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitude, and pattern of the physical activity among the medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 161 eligible sixth semester medical undergraduate students. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect the data. Anthropometric measurements were also taken. The data were fed and coded in Microsoft Excel 2007 and analyzed using SPSS 17.0 and Epi Info software of World Health Organization. Results: Knowledge regarding different types of exercise and anthropometric variables was fairly low among the study participants. Only 9.3% of the students were aware of the recommended level of the physical activity but nearly all (96.27%) were aware of the benefits of it. The attitude of the participants toward the physical activity was favorable, yet only one-third (32.3%) subjects adhered to recommended guidelines. Boys (39.8%) were found to be significantly more active than girls (20.6%) (P = 0.01). Conclusion: The knowledge and practices regarding the physical activity was found to be low amongst the medical students. There is a need to provide an enabling environment for promoting the physical activity amongst them so that can inculcate the same in their patients.
Subject(s)
Anthropometry/instrumentation , Anthropometry/methods , Attitude , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Female , Humans , Male , India , Knowledge , Physical Exertion , Surveys and Questionnaires , Students, MedicalABSTRACT
During routine dissection in the Department of Anatomy, multiple variations of forearm muscles in relation to the radial nerve and its branches were observed on the right side of a 34 year old male cadaver. Brachioradialis close to its origin was receiving muscle fibers from the brachialis and the radial nerve was passing in between them. Extensor carpi radialis brevis was absent and the extensor carpi radialis longus was giving two tendons in the second compartment of extensor retinaculum before its insertion while passing deep to the abductor pollicis longus. Absence of extensor carpi radialis brevis can be explained with the arrangement in lower mammals, where the two extensores carpi radiales are represented by one muscle. Ontogeny repeats phylogeny and anatomical variations have developmental basis. Henee, the pattern of muscular arrangement in this case can be said to be less evolved than the usual arrangement. The course of radial nerve between the two heads of brachioradialis makes it highly vulnerable to compression and injury, which may manifest as wrist drop (radial nerve palsy) or radial tunnel syndrome (compression of posterior interosseous nerve).
Durante una disección de rutina en el Departamento de Anatomía, se observaron múltiples variaciones de los músculos del antebrazo, en relación con el nervio radial y sus ramos, en el lado derecho de un cadáver de 34 años de edad, de sexo masculino. Cerca de su origen el músculo braquioradial recibía fibras del músculo braquial y el nervio radial cruzaba entre ellos. El músculo extensor radial corto del carpo se encontraba ausente y el músculo extensor radial largo del carpo se continuaba con dos tendones en el segundo compartimiento del retináculo extensor, bajo el músculo abductor largo de pulgar, antes de su inserción. La ausencia del músculo extensor radial corto del carpo se puede explicar en mamíferos inferiores, donde los dos músculos extensores radiales están representados por un sólo músculo. La ontogenia repite la filogenia y las variaciones anatómicas inciden en su desarrollo. Por lo tanto, de acuerdo al patrón muscular se puede afirmar que en este caso existe menos evolución que lo habitual. El curso del nervio radial entre las dos cabezas del músculo braquioradial, lo hace muy vulnerable a la compresión y las lesiones, que pueden manifestarse son, caída de la muñeca (parálisis del nervio radial) o el síndrome del túnel radial (compresión del nervio interóseo posterior).