ABSTRACT
Resumen Dentro de las infecciones nosocomiales más frecuentes asociadas a bacterias multi-resistentes y de peor pronóstico, se encuentran las producidas por Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Esta bacteria posee una alta capacidad de adaptación a condiciones adversas como por ejemplo el pH y la osmolaridad de la orina. Pseudomonas aeruginosa es uno de los principales patógenos implicados en infecciones nosocomiales y de pacientes inmunosuprimidos. Esta bacteria se considera un agente infeccioso oportunista que posee diversos mecanismos de patogenicidad, así como de resistencia a antimicrobianos, lo que contribuye a la dificultad en el tratamiento de estas infecciones. En la presente revisión bibliográfica se analizan la taxonomía, los mecanismos de patogenicidad y genes de resistencia de P. aeruginosa. Así también, se abordan los factores microambientales de la infección urinaria producida por esta bacteria, haciendo un acercamiento al entendimiento de las bases fisiopatológicas de esta infección.
Among the most frequent nosocomial infections associated with polyresistant bacteria and with a worse prognosis, are those produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This bacterium has a high capacity to adapt to adverse conditions such as pH and osmolarity of urine. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the main pathogens involved in nosocomial infections and immunosuppressed patients. This bacterium is considered an opportunistic infectious agent that has diverse mechanisms of pathogenicity, as well as resistance to antimicrobials, which contributes to the difficulty in the treatment of these infections. In the present bibliographic review, the taxonomy, pathogenicity mechanisms and resistance genes of P. aeruginosa are analyzed. Likewise, the micro-environmental factors of the urinary infection produced by this bacterium are approached, making an approach to the understanding of the pathophysiological bases of this infection.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/pathogenicity , Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology , Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacterial Proteins/drug effects , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy , Biofilms/drug effects , Virulence FactorsABSTRACT
[{"text": "La esclerosis múltiple (EM) es una enfermedad inflamatoria del sistema nervioso central (SNC), caracterizada por la \r\ndesmielinización, con una preservación relativa de los axones. En pacientes con EM se han atribuido muchos signos \r\ny síntomas neurológicos a la conducción subyacente de déficits neurológicos de terminaciones neuronales. La idea de \r\nque la función neurológica podría mejorar si la conducción pudiera ser restaurada en axones desmielinizados lleva a \r\npensar en una prueba de mejoría bajo bloqueo de canales de potasio (K(+)) que pueda ser usada como un tratamiento \r\nsintomático de la patología. Hasta la fecha solo se han identificado dos posibles terapéuticas de amplio espectro del \r\ncanal de K(+) de tipo bloqueadores: 4-aminopiridina (4-AP) y 3,4-diaminopiridina (3,4-DAP), probados con éxito \r\nen pacientes con EM. Aunque ambos producen claros beneficios a nivel neurológico, su uso ha sido limitado por la \r\ntoxicidad. En este artículo se revisa el estado actual de las investigaciones sobre el uso de los bloqueadores de canales \r\nde potasio y su importancia a futuro en la terapéutica de la esclerosis múltiple y la ciencia básica aplicada a la inves\r\n-\r\ntigación clínica relacionada con la orientación terapéutica de canales de voltaje- K(+) canales (K(v)). Con base en las \r\núltimas publicaciones y en la experiencia de manejo en rehabilitación, su objetivo es ofrecer una perspectiva sobre \r\nel conocimiento del manejo clínico de este subtipo de canal de K en patologías desmielinizantes, que ha demostrado \r\nuna mejoría notable en la velocidad de marcha de pacientes que padecen esclerosis múltiple por medio de la molécula \r\nbloqueadora de canales de potasio (K).", "_i": "es"}, {"text": "Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease \r\nof the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by \r\ndemyelination, with relative preservation of axons. In \r\nMS patients, many neurological signs and symptoms \r\nhave been attributed to the underlying neuronal endings \r\nconduction deficits. The idea that neurological function \r\ncould be improved if conduction could be restored in \r\ndemyelinated axons leads to an improvement in test block \r\npotassium channels (K+) and be used as a symptomatic \r\ntreatment of the disease. To date, there are only two \r\npotential therapeutic spectrum K+ channel type blockers, \r\n4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-\r\nDAP), that have been successfully tested in patients with \r\nMS. Although both 4-AP and 3,4-DAP level produce \r\nclear neurological benefits, their use has been limited as \r\na result of toxicity. This article reviews the current state \r\nof research on the use of potassium channel blockers and \r\ntheir importance to the future of multiple sclerosis thera\r\n-\r\npeutics and the basic science and clinical research related \r\nto therapeutic targeting of voltage K+ in MS. By bringing \r\ntogether the most recent articles and publications based \r\non experiences in rehabilitation management of this \r\ndisease, the aim of this article is to provide a perspective \r\non knowledge about K+ channels in clinical treatments \r\nfor patients with multiple sclerosis and other demyelina\r\n-\r\nting diseases, which has shown that blocking K+ channels \r\nresulted in a significant improvement in walking speed of \r\npatients suffering from multiple sclerosis.", "_i": "en"}, {"text": "A esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença inflamatória do \r\nsistema nervoso central (SNC) caracterizada pela desmie\r\n-\r\nlinização, com uma preservação relativa dos axônios. \r\nMuitos síntomas neurológicos presentes em pacientes \r\ncom EM são atribuídos à condução subjacente de déficits \r\nneurológicos das terminações nervosas. A idéia de que a \r\nfunção neurológica poderia ser melhorada se a condução \r\nem axônios desmielinizados fosse restaurada indica uma \r\nmelhoria através de um bloqueio de canais de potássio \r\n(K(+)) para ser usado como um tratamento sintomático da \r\npatología. Até esta data foram identificados dois possíveis \r\nbloqueadores: 4-aminopiridina (4-AP) e 3,4-diaminopi\r\n-\r\nridina (3,4-DAP), testados com êxito em pacientes com \r\nEM. Apesar de ambos 4-AP e DAP produzirem claros \r\nbenefícios ao nível neurológico, seu uso foi limitado pela \r\nsua toxicidade. Neste artigo, é revisado o estado atual \r\ndas investigações sobre o uso de bloqueadores de canais \r\nde potássio e sua importância no futuro terapêutico \r\nda esclerose múltipla e na ciência voltada à canais de \r\nvoltagem K(+)( canais (K(v)). Com base nas últimas publi\r\n-\r\ncações de artigos e na gestão terapêutica, o objetivo deste \r\nartigo é oferecer uma perspectiva sobre o conhecimento \r\nda gestão clínica deste subtipo de canal K em patológicas \r\ndesmielinizantes, o qual tem demonstrado um progresso \r\nnotável na velocidade de melhoria dos pacientes que \r\npossuem esclerose múltipla uma das principais patolo\r\n-\r\ngías do tipo desmielinizaste.", "_i": "pt"}]
Subject(s)
Potassium , Ampyrone , KCNQ1 Potassium Channel , Multiple Sclerosis , Myelin SheathABSTRACT
Due to the importance of cysticercosis in Mexico and Latin America and to the fact that in the last years another mechanism of infection for this disease has been proposed, i.e. through postoncospheres and immunosuppression of the host, we have considered relevant to perform the present work, which consisted in assessing the immune response induced by dexamethasone as well as that produced by parasites in pigs infected with T. solium eggs, or postoncosphere-infected, and in postoncosphere-infected and dexamethasone treated animals. We used 10 recently weaned pigs, three were used as controls, two of them without the drug and one with it; two were infected with T. solium eggs; five with postoncospheres receiving also dexamethasone three of them. We evaluated the humoral response against parasite antigen using indirect haemagglutination (IH) and ELISA methods. Results of the immune humoral response revealed titres of up to 1:128 in T. solium eggs infected animals, of 1:16 in postoncosphere infected animals. Absorbance titres with of 1:32 towards the end of the experiment in postoncosphere plus dexamethasone animals. Absorbance titres with Elisa confirmed these findings. Data obtained by IH show that the antibody titres of the pigs challenged with postoncospheres and postoncospheres plus dexamethasone are positive as compared to the titres obtained in the pigs infected with T. solium eggs. Results from the Elisa confirmed this finding, since, from weeks 14 to 17, the pigs became positive, behaving as those pigs that developed cysticercosis. This is revelant as it indicates that the antiposcosphere antibodies recognized antigens of T. solium larvae