Maintenance of lactation among working mothers in Alexandria

Breast-feeding is nutritionally superior for infants during the first year of life. Successful breast-feeding can be maintained if there is continuous emptying of the breast. During periods of separation as maternal employment infants separation interferes with continuous sucking in addition to maternal exhaustion. Successful continuation of breast-feeding can be maintained if employed mothers know how to express and store breast milk properly. So, the study aimed to find out breast feeding practices among employed mothers. The study was conducted at day care centers representing the 6 sectors of Alexandria. The sample comprised 240 employed mothers who breast feed their infants. The study revealed that 67.9% of employed mothers prepared themselves to continue breast-feeding. The majority of mothers [95%] used manual expression of milk. More than one fourth of them [28.2%] stored the expressed milk for 6 hours at room temperature, while 18.6%, of them stored it in the refrigerator for 24-48 hours. More than one fourth of the sample [26. 3% found work facilities to promote breast feeding. There was statistical significant difference between mothers occupation and time of initiation of breast feeding[X[2]4=14.629, P=0.0055], time of adding supplements [x[2]4=15.714, P=0.0154], and methods of milk expression [X[2]2 =10.162, P=0. 0378]. It is recommended that advice and information concerning proper techniques of breast feeding, breast milk expression and its storage have to reach employed mothers through nurses in hospitals, mass media and/or breast feeding consultation services at their working places

Developmental aspects of Egyptian children's definitions of pain

There are wide research projects allover the world trying to investigate how children think about the concept of pain. As a part of these researches, this study presents the developmental aspects of Egyptian children's definitions of pain. So, a group of 600 school-children aged 6-14 years acted as subjects. This sample included students form elementary and primary schools in Alexandria city. These students were examined about their definitions as well as several aspects of pain to see if a developmental pattern could be identified in the acquisition of a verbally mediated concept of pain. The results are congruent with a Piagetian developmental model, suggesting the possibility of delineating typical concepts of pain which correspond to successive stage of cognitive development

Egyptian counterpart to Mc Gill pain questionnaire

This study presents an Egyptian version of the Mc Gill Pain Questionnaire [MPQ] developed by strict adherence to the Melzack and Torgerson Version. Six hundred Egyptian students acted as subjects 1400 students participated in the 1st stage and 200 in the 2nd stage]. This sample included students from four secondary schools distributed in Alexandria city. A dictionary translation of the Mc Gill Pain Questionnaire was prepared and students of the 1st stage judged which of these represents acceptable pain descriptions in Egypt. From these sources, a list of Egyptian pain adjectives was compiled. Students of the 2nd stage classified each word as sensory, evaluative or affective and rated the pain intensity connoted. The present counterpart to the HPQ retained the original grouping of adjectives and almost the identical number of words per group, but with some difference in their ranking position within groups. Finally, the adjectives were rated close to the original. Thus, the rating of the present study revealed that as English, pain is a multidimensional concept. The few variations that were clarified in the chosen words and its ranking orders were a result of different cultures

Problems facing male nurses in Jordan

This study was conducted to investigate the problems facing men in nursing as perceived by male nurses in Amman. The available number of male nurses were included in the study. The size of the sample was 60 male nurses working in different hospitals. Data were collected by the use of interview. It was found that the majority of the respondents mentioned, discrimination, inequality in the health field, little chance for leadership, minority peer group and lack of acceptance by both doctors and female nurse colleagues. Social problems perceived by the respondents were Housing problems, marriage, lack of acceptance by the society as male working in nursing profession and nurses graduated from the university mentioned that they were treated as any other university graduates