Occurrence of yeasts, enterococci and other enteric bacteria in subgingival biofilm of HIV-positive patients with chronic gingivitis and necrotizing periodontitis / Ocorrência de leveduras, enterococos e outras bactérias entéricas no biofilme subgengival de pacientes HIV-positivos com gengivite crônica e periodontite necrosante

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of enteric bacteria and yeasts in biofilm of 80 HIV-positive patients with plaque-associated gingivitis or necrotizing periodontitis. Patients were subjected to extra, intra oral and radiographic examinations. The oral hygiene, bleeding on probing, gingival conditions, and attachment loss were evaluated. Clinical specimens were collected from gingival crevices or periodontal pockets, transferred to VMGA III, diluted and transferred to Sabouraud Dextrose agar with 100 µg/ml of chloramphenicol, peptone water, EVA broth, EMB agar, SS agar, Bile esculin agar and Brilliant green agar. Isolation of yeasts was carried out at room temperature, for 3-7 days; and for the isolation of enteric microorganisms plates were incubated at 37ºC, for 24-48 h. The yeasts identification was performed according to the carbon and nitrogen assimilation, fermentation of carbohydrates and germ tube formation. Bacteria were identified according to their colonial and cellular morphologies and biochemical tests. Yeasts were identified as Candida albicans and its occurrence was more common in patients with CD4+ below 200/mm³ and was affected by the extension of periodontal involvement (P = 0.0345). Enteric bacteria recovered from clinical specimens were identified as Enterobacter sakazakii, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens, Klebsiella oxytoca and Enterococcus sp. Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci were detected in 32.5 percent of clinical samples from patients with necrotizing periodontitis. In conclusion, non-oral pathogenic bacteria and C. albicans were more prevalent in periodontal sites of HIV-positive patients with necrotizing periodontitis and chronic gingivitis.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de bactérias entéricas e leveduras no biofilme subgengival de pacientes HIV-positivos com gengivite crônica ou periodontite necrosante. Os pacientes foram submetidos a exame clínico e radiográfico e de higiene bucal, sangramento à sondagem, condições gengivais e a perda de inserção. Os espécimes clínicos de sulcos gengivais ou bolsas periodontais foram inoculados em ágar Sabouraud dextrose com 100 mg/ml de cloranfenicol, água peptonada, caldo EVA, ágar EMB, ágar SS, ágar Bile esculina e ágar verde brilhante. O cultivo de leveduras foi realizado à temperatura ambiente, de 3-7 dias; das enterobactérias a 37ºC de 24-48 h. A identificação das leveduras foi realizada pela assimilação de carbono e nitrogênio, fermentação de açucares e formação de tubo germinativo. As bactérias de acordo com a morfologia celular e colonial e testes bioquímicos. Foram identificadas Candida albicans e sua prevalência foi maior em pacientes com contagens de CD4+ < 200/mm³, e sua ocorrência foi afetada pela extensão da destruição periodontal (P = 0,0345). Enterobacteriaceae e enterococos foram detectados em 32,5 por cento dos pacientes com periodontite necrosante. As enterobactérias foram Enterobacter sakazakii, E. cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens, Klebsiella oxytoca e Enterococcus sp. Concluiu-se que bactérias patogênicas exógenas à cavidade bucal e C. albicans podem ser detectadas no biofilme subgengival de pacientes HIV-positivos com periodontite necrosante e gengivite.

Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts in raw sewage and creek water in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium has emerged as one of the most important contaminants of water, causing waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. To monitor and understand the public health significance of this pathogen in environmental samples, several methods have been developed to isolate and detect Cryptosporidium oocysts. The purpose of this study was to perform the first investigation on the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in raw sewage and creek water in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The oocysts were concentrated by flocculation and membrane filtration. The results showed the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in all wastewater samples analyzed, indicating a possible risk for dissemination of these pathogens in aquatic environment and in the community.

Detection of "Cryptosporidium" sp. oocysts in groundwater for human consumption in Itaquaquecetuba city, São Paulo-Brazil

"Cryptosporidium" is an emergent pathogen that causes profuse diarrhea in humans. Outbreaks of human crypstosporidiosis have implicated water as a possible source of contamination. In this study the presence of "Cryptosporidium" sp. oocysts was investigated as well as the fecal contamination in groundwater for consumption in Itaquaquecetuba - São Paulo. Therefore, it was possible to notice that the septic tanks were located close to the wells, exposing them to the risk of contamination. As a consequence of these results and observations efficient disinfecting practices and groundwater monitoring are recommended.

Critical control points for meat balls and kibbe preparations in a hospital kitchens

Hazards and critical control points (CCP) associated with meat balls and kibbe preparations in a hospital kitchen were determined using flow diagrams and microbiological testing of samples collected along the production line. Microbiological testing included counts of mesophilic and psicrothrophic microorganisms, yeasts and molds, total and fecal coliforms, "C. perfingens", coagulase positive staphylococci, bacteria of the "B cereus" group and detection of "Salmonella". Time/temperature binomial was measured in all steps of preparation. A decision tree was used to help in the determination of CCPs. The detected hazards were: contamination of raw meat and vegetables, multiplication of the microorganisms during meat manipulation, poor hygiene of utensils and equipment, and survival of microorganisms to the cooking process. Cooking and hot-holding were considered CCPs. The results stress the importance of the implementation of a training program for nutritionists and foodhandlers and the monitoring of CCPs and other measures to prevent foodborne diseases

Aeromonas species isolated from pintado fish (Pseudoplatystoma SP): virulence factors and drug susceptibility

Aeromas has been described as an emergent foodborne pathogen of increasing importance. In this study, we report that 48(per cent) of 50 Pintado fish samples collected at the retail market of São Paulo city were positive for Aeromas sp, as detected by the direct plating method. When the presence/absence method was used, the positivity was 42(per cent). A caviae was the most frequent species, followed by A. hydrophila and A. sobria. Production of cytotoxic enterotoxin, observed in suckling mouse assay, was detected in 67(per cent) of A sobria strains, in 60(per cent) of A. hydrophila strains and in 40(per cent) of A. caviae strains. In vitro tests, performed with HEp-2 cells, showed that 88(per cent) of A. hydrophila, 27(per cent) of A. sobria and 13(per cent) of A. caviae strains were positive for this toxin. The in vivo production of cytotonic enterotoxin, tested after heating the filtrates at 56degreeC for 20 minutes, was detected in 17(per cent) of A. sobria, in 10(per cent) of A. caviae and in none of A. hydrophila strains in vivo. All analyzed strains did not alter HEp-2 cells. 20(per cent) and 16(per cent) of A. sobria and A. caviae isolates, respectively, presented capacity to adhere to HEp-2 cells. In counterpart, invasion of HEp-2 cells was not observed in any isolate. The Aeromonas isolates were sensitive to the majority of the antimicrobiol agents tested.