Anchorage In Orthodontics: A Literature Review

During orthodontic treatment the teeth are exposed to forces and moments, and these acting forces always generate reciprocal forces of the same magnitude but opposite in direction which follows Newton’s third law. To avoid unwanted tooth movements and maintain treatment success, these reciprocal forces must be diverted effectively. In orthodontic treatment, anchorage loss is a potential side effect of orthodontic mechanotherapy and one of the major causes of unsuccessful results. Its cause has been described as a multifactorial response in relation to the extraction site, appliance type, age, crowding, and overjet.Therefore, clinicians throughout the years have made an effort to find biomechanical solutions to control anchorage. The purpose of this article is to review the basics of anchorage and the anchorage planning in different appliance systems.

Self Ligating Brackets: The Present And Future

Self-ligating brackets encompass fast popularity over the past several decades and had various advantages with regard to the efficiency, effectiveness, and stability of treatment when compare with conventional brackets. Self ligating brackets are basically two main types, according to the design of the locking mechanism, the dimensions of the slot, and the dimensions of the arch wires; they are passive and active. Active self-ligating brackets have a spring clip that stores energy to press against the archwire for rotation and torque control. Self-ligating brackets appear to be the beneficiary of the most recent studies as their design and engineering can offer the clinician the ability to take advantage of our better understanding of arch wire/bracket interactions. Since we know the impact of different bracket –arch wire combinations on the resistance to sliding, it is now possible for us to select the best combination depending upon the case.

Lingual Orthodontics.

With the invention of lingual orthodontics, the patients received the most aesthetic orthodontic treatment, which attracted many orthodontists and patients to seek this aesthetic treatment. Lingual orthodontics is one of the fixed orthodontic technique in which brackets are invisible. The use of invisible orthodontic technique increased the patient’s selfesteem, but there exists a difference in bonding technique, biomechanical aspect and the anchorage considerations between the conventional and lingual orthodontic techniques. In this article, the complete lingual orthodontic technique has been reviewed.

Surgical Orthodontic Treatment of Severe Skeletal Class II with Vertical Maxillary Excess.

This paper describes an adult male patient who presented with a severe skeletal class II deformity with severe gummy smile. The case was managed with a combination of presurgical orthodontic treatment followed by a double jaw orthognathic surgery and then another phase of orthodontic treatment for final occlusal detailing. Extraction of the upper fives and lower first premolars was done during the presurgical orthodontic phase of treatment to decompensate upper and lower incisors and to give room for surgical setback of the maxillary anterior segment. Double jaw surgery was performed: bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSO) for 6mm mandibular advancement combined with Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy with 8mm impaction of the maxilla. Although the anteroposterior discrepancy and the facial convexity were so severe, highly acceptable results were obtained, both esthetically as well as occlusally.

A Review of Root Resorption in Orthodontics.

Root resorption is unavoidable, unwanted and undesirable consequence of the orthodontic tooth movement. This paper describes the various causes, types and classification of root resorption during orthodontic treatment.

Distraction Osteogenesis - A Review.

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) one of the recent and most successful treatment option for various skeletal deformities. Initially it was mainly used for correction of axial skeleton, but its introduction to the craniofacial skeleton has revolutionized the mode of treatment of craniofacial deformities and congenital syndromes. Currently DO in dentistry have a wide range application starting from, rapid canine retraction, alveolar distraction, treatment of cleft palate, and correction of many mandibular disorders.