Effects of progressive load training on sprinters' cardiorespiratory endurance / Efeitos do treinamento com cargas progressivas na resistência cardiorrespiratória de velocistas / Efectos del entrenamiento con cargas progresivas en la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria de velocistas

ABSTRACT Introduction: The most evident change during exercise is the increase in oxygen demand, and prolonged high-intensity exercises may impact this even more on this demand. Physical training with progressive loads is a method that aims to reach the training goals by adjusting factors such as initial load, stage load, and a load of the athletes and can be a monitor of the aerobic and anaerobic exercise on the athlete with potential benefits for the high demand of oxygenation. Objective: Study the changes in heart rate and indexes of cardiorespiratory endurance of sprinters under training with progressive loads. Methods: By random sampling, the study subjects were 15 male sprinters and 15 non-sportsmen as research volunteers. The study subjects performed a protocol with progressive load training on a platform. All subjects underwent the Italian Kosmai cardiopulmonary function test before and after training. Results: The subjects who did not practice the sport showed VO2 max values at an exercise intensity of 13 km/h. The VO2 max maximum for sprinters was 15 km/h. Individuals who were not sprinters generally showed lower VT levels than sprinters (P <0.05). Average non-speeder individuals demonstrated higher MET scores than sprinters. Conclusion: Cardiopulmonary endurance and energy metabolism levels are strongly related to long-term participation in physical activity and exercise intensity. Incremental load training improved cardiorespiratory fitness in sprinters. The results may provide a specific theoretical basis for the daily training of sprinters in the future. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A alteração mais evidente durante o exercício é o aumento da demanda de oxigênio e os exercícios prolongados de alta intensidade podem impactar ainda mais nessa demanda. O treinamento físico com cargas progressivas é um método que visa atingir as metas de treinamento ajustando fatores como carga inicial, carga de estágio e uma carga dos atletas e pode ser um monitor do exercício aeróbico e anaeróbico sobre o atleta com potenciais benefícios para a alta demanda de oxigenação. Objetivo: Estudar as alterações na frequência cardíaca e nos índices de resistência cardiorrespiratória de velocistas sob treinamento com cargas progressivas. Métodos: Selecionou-se 15 velocistas do sexo masculino e 15 homens que não praticavam o esporte como voluntários de pesquisa por amostragem aleatória. Os sujeitos do estudo realizaram um protocolo com treinamento de cargas progressivas em plataforma. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos ao teste de função cardiopulmonar Italian Kosmai antes e após o treinamento. Resultados: Os indivíduos que não praticavam o esporte apresentaram valores de VO2max em uma intensidade de exercício de 13 km/h. O VO2max máximo para velocistas foi de 15 km/h. Indivíduos que não eram velocistas em geral apresentaram níveis de VT mais baixos do que os velocistas (P <0,05). Os não velocistas médios demonstraram pontuações MET mais altas do que os velocistas. Conclusão: A resistência cardiopulmonar e os níveis de metabolismo energético estão fortemente relacionados com a participação a longo prazo na atividade física e intensidade do exercício. O treinamento de carga incremental melhorou a aptidão cardiorrespiratória em velocistas. Os resultados podem fornecer uma base teórica específica para o treinamento diário de velocistas no futuro. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La alteración más evidente durante el ejercicio es el aumento de la demanda de oxígeno y los ejercicios prolongados de alta intensidad pueden incidir aún más en esta demanda. El entrenamiento físico con cargas progresivas es un método que pretende alcanzar los objetivos de entrenamiento ajustando factores como la carga inicial, la carga por etapas y la carga de los atletas y puede ser un monitor del ejercicio aeróbico y anaeróbico en el atleta con beneficios potenciales para la alta demanda de oxigenación. Objetivo: Estudiar las alteraciones en la frecuencia cardíaca y en los índices de resistencia cardiorrespiratoria de los velocistas bajo tratamiento con cargas progresivas. Métodos: Seleccionamos a 15 velocistas masculinos y a 15 hombres no practicantes como voluntarios de la investigación mediante un muestreo aleatorio. Los sujetos se sometieron a un protocolo con entrenamiento de carga progresiva en plataforma. Todos los sujetos fueron sometidos a la prueba de función cardiopulmonar de Kosmai italiano antes y después del entrenamiento. Resultados: Los sujetos que no practicaban el deporte presentaron valores de VO2máx a una intensidad de ejercicio de 13 km/h. El VO2máx de los velocistas era de 15 km/h. Los individuos que no eran velocistas en general mostraron niveles de VT más bajos que los velocistas (P <0,05). La media de los no-principiantes mostró mayores puntuaciones MET que los velocistas. Conclusión: Los niveles de resistencia cardiopulmonar y de metabolismo energético están fuertemente relacionados con la participación a largo plazo en la actividad física y la intensidad del ejercicio. El entrenamiento de carga incremental mejoró la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria de los velocistas. Los resultados pueden proporcionar una base teórica específica para el entrenamiento diario de los velocistas en el futuro. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Thoracic aortic reactivity in obese patients submitted to aerobic exercise / Reatividade da aorta torácica em pacientes obesos submetidos ao exercício aeróbico / Reactividad de la aorta torácica en pacientes obesos sometidos a ejercicio aeróbico

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aerobic exercise can improve the function of the cardiovascular circulatory system, reducing morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease by stimulating the production of endogenous self-protection. Activating potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells can cause vasodilation and increase blood flow, lowering blood pressure. There is a sensitivity to intracellular ATP and ADP concentration among the variety of potassium channels distributed in vascular smooth muscle cells, which vary mainly during aerobic physical activity. Objective: Explore the effect of aerobic exercise on the vascular reactivity of the thoracic aorta in patients with obesity and hyperlipidemia. Methods: Randomized controlled trial in twenty male Wistar rats weighing 250g and two months old. The control group remained at rest while the experimental group performed aerobic exercise on a treadmill at increasing speed for eight weeks. The rats were dissected, and dilatators and vasoconstrictors drugs stimulated their blood vessels in a tamponade solution. Observation of vascular changes was measured under controlled tensioning. Results: The blockade of KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle caused tonic contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells and increased blood pressure. Conclusion: Long-term regular aerobic exercise may induce changes in rats' thoracic aortic vascular function and vascular smooth muscle reactivity. Aerobic exercise can also significantly improve the activity of KATP channels. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.

RESUMO Introdução: O exercício aeróbico pode melhorar a função do sistema circulatório cardiovascular, reduzindo a morbidade e mortalidade de doenças cardiovasculares estimulando a produção de autoproteções endógenas. A ativação de canais de potássio nas células musculares lisas vasculares pode causar vasodilatação e aumentar o fluxo sanguíneo, diminuindo a pressão sanguínea. Há uma sensível a concentração de ATP intracelular e ADP dentre a variedade de canais de potássio distribuídos em células musculares lisas vasculares, que variam principalmente durante a atividade física aeróbica. Objetivo: Explorar o efeito do exercício aeróbico na reatividade vascular da aorta torácica em pacientes com obesidade e hiperlipidemia. Métodos: Estudo randomizado controlado em vinte ratos Wistar machos de 250g e 2 meses de idade. O grupo controle permaneceu sob repouso enquanto o experimental realizava exercícios aeróbicos em esteira com velocidade crescente durante 8 semanas. Os ratos foram dissecados e seus vasos sanguíneos estimulados com drogas vasoconstritoras e dilatadoras em solução tampão. A observação das alterações vasculares foi mensurada sob tensionamento controlado. Resultados: O bloqueio dos canais KATP no músculo liso vascular causou contração tônica das células musculares lisas vasculares e aumento da pressão arterial. Conclusão: Exercícios aeróbicos regulares de longo prazo podem induzir alterações na função vascular da aorta torácica e reatividade do músculo liso vascular em ratos. O exercício aeróbico também pode melhorar significativamente a atividade dos canais KATP. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El ejercicio aeróbico puede mejorar la función del sistema circulatorio cardiovascular, reduciendo la morbilidad y la mortalidad de las enfermedades cardiovasculares al estimular la producción de autoprotección endógena. La activación de los canales de potasio en las células del músculo liso vascular puede causar vasodilatación y aumentar el flujo sanguíneo, reduciendo la presión arterial. Existe una sensibilidad a la concentración intracelular de ATP y ADP entre la variedad de canales de potasio distribuidos en las células del músculo liso vascular, que varían principalmente durante la actividad física aeróbica. Objetivo: Explorar el efecto del ejercicio aeróbico sobre la reactividad vascular de la aorta torácica en pacientes con obesidad e hiperlipidemia. Métodos: Ensayo controlado aleatorio en veinte ratas Wistar macho de 250 g y 2 meses de edad. El grupo de control permaneció en reposo mientras que el grupo experimental realizó ejercicios aeróbicos en una cinta de correr a velocidad creciente durante 8 semanas. Las ratas fueron disecadas y sus vasos sanguíneos fueron estimulados con fármacos vasoconstrictores y dilatadores en solución amortiguada. La observación de los cambios vasculares se midió bajo tensión controlada. Resultados: El bloqueo de los canales KATP en el músculo liso vascular provocó una contracción tónica de las células del músculo liso vascular y un aumento de la presión arterial. Conclusión: El ejercicio aeróbico regular a largo plazo puede inducir cambios en la función vascular de la aorta torácica y en la reactividad del músculo liso vascular en ratas. El ejercicio aeróbico también puede mejorar significativamente la actividad del canal KATP. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Comparison of the effectiveness of BG-trap mosquito traps using carbon dioxide versus BG-lure attractants / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To compare the mosquito trapping effect of BG-trap mosquito trap using carbon dioxide versus BG-lure attractant under filed conditions. Methods　In August and September 2020, two areas were set with a distance of 100 m. Two sites were set at each area, and one mosquito trap BG trap was set with a distance of 5 m. Each site was set with different flow of CO2 and different amount of BG-lure attractants. The BG-trap mosquito traps on the same area would exchange positions every other day. The mosquitoes captured by each mosquito trap was collected and classified. and the species, sex and number of mosquitoes captured were recorded and counted. Results　The densities of Aedes albopictus captured by BG+/CO2-and BG-/CO2+were 14 and 31, and that of Culex pipiens pallens were 2 and 16, respectively. The differences were statistically significant (Aedes albopictus, t=-2.675, P<0.05; Culex pipiens pallens, t=-4.873, P<0.05). With BG-lure attractant, the females of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens in the CO2+group were 2.6 (25/9.5) and 12.0 (12 /1) times higher than those in the CO2-group, and the differences were statistically significant (female Aedes albopictus, t=-4.119, P<0.01; female Culex pipiens pallens, t=-4.592, P<0.01), suggesting that the most important attractant to female mosquitoes is CO2. With BG-lure attractant, the male Aedes albopictus in the CO2+ group was 3.0 (12/4) times higher than that in the CO2-group, and the difference was statistically significant (male Aedes albopictus, t=-3.284, P<0.01). Without BG-lure attractant, female Aedes albopictus and female Culex pipiens pallens in the CO2 + group were 1.8 (18 / 10) and 15.5 (15.5/1.0) times higher than those in the CO2-group, and the difference was statistically significant (female Aedes albopictus, t=-2.868, P<0.05; female Culex pipiens pallens, t=-5.259, P<0.05). Without BG-lure attractant, the male Aedes albopictus in the CO2+group was 2.0 (9.0/4.5) times higher than that in the CO2-group, with a statistically significant difference (t=-2.508, P<0.05). With CO2, Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens in the BG + attractant group were 1.4 (43.5/31) and 0.78 (12.5/16.0) times higher than those in the BG-attractant group, and the differences were not statistically significant (Aedes albopictus, t=-0.943, P>0.05 ; Culex pipiens pallens, t=0.709, P>0.05). Without CO2, Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens in the BG + attractant group were 1.0 (14/14) and 2.0 (2.0/1.0) times higher than those in the BG + attractant group, and the differences were not statistically significant (Aedes albopictus, t=-0.500, P>0.05; Culex pipiens pallens, t=-1.000, P>0.05). Without BG-lure attractant, the densities of female Aedes albopictus captured by adding 0, 1 and 2 parts of dry ice were 10, 17.5 and 18 respectively, and the difference was statistically significant among the three groups (F=3.942, P<0.05). The densities of female Culex pipiens pallens captured were 1, 13 and 18 respectively, and the difference was statistically significant among the three groups (F=13.881, P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the capture of female Aedes albopictus and female Culex pipiens pallens by adding 1 part of dry ice and 2 parts of dry ice (female Aedes albopictus, t=0.112, P>0.05; female Culex pipiens pallens, t=-0.540, P>0.05). Without CO2, 10, 10, 9.5 and 1, 1 and 1.5 female Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens were captured by adding 0, 1 and 2 portions of BG-lure attractants, respectively. There were no significant differences between the three groups (female Aedes albopictus, F=0.120, P>0.05; female Culex pipiens pallens, F=0.477, P>0.05). Conclusions　In the monitoring of BG-trap mosquito trap, the mosquito trapping effect of CO2 is better than that of BG-lure attractant. When the same monitoring effect is obtained, the use of CO2 (100 mL/min) can save the use cost.

The application value of virtual reality technology in the surgical treatment of coronary artery fistula and abnormal origin of coronary artery / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective To evaluate the application value of virtual reality (VR) technology in the surgical treatment of coronary artery fistula (CAF) and abnormal origin of coronary artery (AOOCA). Methods From January 2014 to June 2018, with the assistance of virtual reality technology, 4 patients with CAF and 4 patients with AOOCA in the Department of Cardiac Surgery of our hospital underwent treatment method deciding and operation details planning. In the CAF patients, there was 1 male and 3 females and they were 8 years, 16 years, 62 years, and 65 years, respectively. In the AOOCA patients, there was 1 male and 3 females at age of 4-month, 2 years, 14 years, and 29 years, respectively. Results The virtual heart models in all 8 patients were well matched with the real heart. The spatial structure information of CAF/AOOCA and surroundings can be intuitively and fully shown by virtual reality technology in all patients. All of the 4 CAF patients repaired coronary artery incision, including 2 patients with autologous pericardium patch and 2 patients with direct suture. Of the 4 AOOCA patients, 3 underwent coronary directly transplantation but 1 underwent Takeuchi surgery. And 2 had mitral valve plasty at the same time. All the operations were completed successfully, with good recovery and no serious complications. Among the 4 CAF patients, 3 had no residual fistula, and 1 had minor residual fistula. Coronary arteries were all unobstructed in 4 patients of AOOCA; moderate and severe mitral regurgitation in 2 patients were significantly reduced after surgery. Conclusion VR allows doctors to understand the spatial structure information of CAF/AOOCA and surroundings before the operation, and assists them to make accurate treatment decisions and develop detailed surgical plans before the operation, ensuring its safety. Its clinical application value is significant.

Bioinformatic analysis on related genes of lung adenocarcinoma / 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志

@# To indentify the candidate genes and signaling pathways in lung adenocarcinoma by analyzing gene profiles with bioinformatics. Methods: The expression profiles of GSE40791, GSE68571, GSE43458, and GSE18842 were down-loaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The four microarray datasets were integrated to obtain the differentially expressed genes related to lung adenocarcinoma. STRING database was used to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of differentially expressed genes, and to further explore the gene modules and the key genes. DAVID was used to perform the gene enrichment analysis of each gene module, and to explore the regulatory function of each gene module in adenocarcinoma cells, as well as the relationship between the key genes in the module and the prognosis of the patients. Results: Thirty-seven up-regulated genes and 120 down-regulated genes were obtained from the primary screen, and the protein-protein interaction(PPI) network was successfully constructed. According to MCODE algorithm, we constructed gene modules and calculated the core genes (KIF14, SEPP1, SPP1, RBP4) in the PPI network. Finally, four modules were proved to be involved in regulation of cell cycle, blood coagulation, cell adhesion and cell metabolism, and four key genes were proved to be differentially expressed between lung adenocarcinoma tissues and normal tissues (all P<0.05). Survival analysis showed that expressions of KIF14, SEPP1 and SPP1 had significant effect on the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma (P<0.01 or P<0.05), while RBP4 exerted insignificant difference in the survival rate of lung adenocarcinoma patients (P>0.05). Conclusion: With bioinformatics, three differentially expressed genes between lung adenocarcinoma tissues and normal adjacent tissues were finally screened out and proved to be closely related to the prognosis of patients, which provided new thoughts in the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of lung adenocarcinoma and improved the study efficiency on the mechanism of lung adenocarcinoma.

Analysis of malaria cases in Haidian District of Beijing from 2005 to 2017 / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To understand the epidemiological character of malaria in Haidian District of Beijing from 2005 to 2017. Methods The epidemiological data of malaria was collected from the infectious disease reporting system of medical institutions at various levels in Haidian District of Beijing from 2005 to 2017, and the epidemiological methods was used to analyze the distribution of malaria in population, time and region. Results From 2005 to 2017, 111 malaria cases were reported in Haidian District of Beijing, the annual average incidence rate was 0.26/100 000 and one death case was reported in 2014. Among the four reported types of falciparum malaria, vivax malaria, three-day malaria and untyped malaria, the most common falciparum malaria (54.5%, 60/111), no mixed infection; The peak incidence was concentrated in the summer and autumn of June-September (52.0%, 58/111); the cases were mainly occurred in young adults aged from 20 to 59(93.7%,104/111), and the incidence of males was higher than that of females ( 2=52.9, P<0.001); Cadres were the main ward population (33.3%, 33/111). Malaria cases were reported in 26 streets and towns in Haidian District. 81 cases were imported from abroad, accounting for 71.4% of the total cases, of which 74 (91.36%) were originated from Africa. Conclusions In the past 13 years, the incidence of malaria was sporadic, mainly in imported cases. The monitoring of malaria should be strengthened by entry and exit to prevent the second-generation cases of malaria.

Application of three-dimensional printing technique in surgical treatment of congenital heart disease / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective To evaluate the application of three-dimensional printing technique in surgical treatments on complex congenital heart diseases. Methods Two patients were enrolled with complex congenital heart diseases. The computerized tomography data were used to build the 3D architecture of cardiac anomalies. The White-Jet-Process technique was used to print the models with 1∶1 ratio in size. The models were used to make the treatment strategy making, young surgeon training and operation simulation. Results The full color and hollowed-out cardiac models with 1∶1 ration in size were printed successfully. They were transected at the middle point of vertical axis, which was conveniently to explore the intracardiac anomalies. However, for patient 1, the model lost the atrial septal defect. Taking the two models as references, operation group held preoperative consultation, operation simulation, and finally, the operation plans were determined for the two patients. Both the two operation were carried out smoothly. Conclusion Although the limitations of 3D printing still exist in the application for congenital heart diseases, making the preoperative plan and operation simulation via 3D cardiac model could enhance the understanding of following operation and procedure details, which could improve the tacit cooperation among operation group members. Furthermore, operation results also could be improved potentially. Therefore, the cardiac 3D printing should be popularized in clinic in the future.

Sutureless technique use in the surgery for total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in neonates / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To analyze the sutureless technique use in the surgical repair for total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in neonates. Methods    Between September 2002 and December 2015, 71 consecutive neonates with supracardiac or infracardiac type total anomalous pulmonary venous connection who underwent surgical repair in our institute were included in this study. There were 57 males and 14 females at median age of 8 (1, 29) d. And the median body weight was 3.3 (2.1, 4.7) kg. There were 45 patients (63.4%) with supracardiac, 26 patients (36.6%) with infracardiac. Patients were divided into two groups: a conventional technique group (29 patients) and a sutureless technique group (42 patients). To control for potential differences in the characteristics of patients between the sutureless technique group and the conventional technique group, the method of propensity-score matching was used. Results    Basic characteristics of patients after propensity-score were not different.There were 11 operative deaths (15.5%), 7 late deaths (96.%), total 18 deaths (25.4%). The mortality was 58.6% (17/29) in the conventional technique group, 2.4% (1/42) in the sutureless technique group (P=0.000). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed a difference in   mortality between the two groups (P=0.005). The patients were followed up for 25.5 (1.0-13.0) months.Postoperative anastomotic or pulmonary vein stenosis occurred in 12 patients, 8 of them died at a higher mortality than that of the patients with smooth anastomosis [66.7% (8/12) vs. 16.9% (10/59), P=0.001]. Conclusion    The patients who have postoperative anastomotic or pulmonary vein stenosis have higher mortality. Compared with conventional technique, sutureless technique can dramatically decrease the incidence of postoperative anastomotic or pulmonary vein stenosis and the mortality of surgical repair for total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in neonates.

Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in China and its risk factors / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and the relation with its risk factors in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 19 363 participants (8635 males and 10 728 females) aged ⋝35 years in geographically dispersed urban and rural regions of China were included in this cross-sectional survey. All participants received questionnaire, physical and blood examination. Echocardiography were performed for AF patients found in the survey.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 19 363 participants, 199 were diagnosed with AF. The estimated age-standardized prevalence of AF was 0.78% in men and 0.76% in women. The prevalence of AF in participants aged <60 years was 0.41% in men and 0.43% in women, and was 1.83% in both men and women aged ⋝60 years. About 19.0% of males and 30.9% of females with AF were diagnosed with valve disease. Age- and sex-adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), obesity, and alcohol consumption were associated with a increased risk of AF(P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The age standardized prevalence of AF is 0.77% in the participants enrolled in the present study. The number of AF cases aged ⋝35 years is 5.26 million according to 2010 Chinese Census. Most risk factors for AF, identified mainly in Western countries, are also detected in China.</p>

Multicenter follow-up report of 147 premature infants with brain injuries from 6 hospitals in China / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Sponsored by the Subspecialty Group of Neonatology of Pediatric Society, China Medical Association, more than 10 large-scale hospitals participated in the near two-year multicenter investigation for Brain Injuries in Premature Infants in China. The present study presents the follow-up results of 147 premature infants with brain injuries from 6 Third Class A Level hospitals.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) or periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) diagnosed in the early neonatal period in the 6 hospitals were followed-up between January 2005 and August 2006. Based on the synthetic results of physical development, examination of nervous system, intelligence tests and cranial ultrasound, the premature infants with brain injuries were classified as normal development, marginal development and retarded development.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>One hundred and forty-seven premature infants with brain injuries from the 6 hospitals consisted of 141 cases of IVH and 36 cases of PVL (30 cases having IVH and PVL). Based on the synthetic follow-up results, 51.4% of premature infants with brain injuries were generally assessed as normal development, 38.4% as marginal development and 10.7% as retarded development. Among them, delayed growth in head circumference, height and weight was 13.4%; the occurrence frequency of cerebral paralysis (CP) was 7.1% in PVL grade I, 28.6% in PVL grade II and 100% in PVL grade III; 12.7% showed retarded development of intelligence; and 30% presented post-injurious changes on cranial sonography.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The data of the multicenter follow-up can basically reflect the short-term prognosis of premature infants with brain injuries in major big cities of China. About 10% of them have retarded physical, motor-and mental developments. The long-term regular follow-up study is expected for more premature infants with brain injuries, and behavioral sequelae of brain injuries which may occur in peri-school age and adolescence should be paid particularly close attention.</p>

Body mass index and prognosis in patients with systolic heart failure / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In individuals without cardiovascular disease, elevated body mass index (BMI) is associated with an increased risk of death. However, in patients with certain chronic diseases, including heart failure, low BMI has been associated with increased mortality. We investigated the association between BMI and prognosis in patients with systolic HF.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Follow-up was made on 540 patients (mean age 58.53 years, 84.2% men) with systolic HF (LVEF < or = 45%) and association between BMI and adverse cardiac events was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During a median follow-up of 24 months, 92 patients died including 87 cases of cardiac death and 92 patients were rehospitalized. Compared with patients with BMI higher than 28.0 kg/m(2), patients in lower BMI categories (BMI < or = 18.5 kg/m(2) and > or = 18.5 kg/m(2) < 24.0 kg/m(2)) had a graded increase in the all cause death rate [5.44 (1.78 - 16.66), 4.30 (1.71 - 10.82)], cardiac death rate [OR(95%CI): 5.42 (1.77 - 16.59), 4.00 (1.59 - 10.10)], HF death rate [8.94 (2.37 - 33.74), 4.97 (1.52 - 16.20)] and MACE rate [2.10 (1.09 - 4.07), 1.79 (1.14 - 2.82)]. After adjustment for age, gender, LVEF and NYHA grade using cox regression analysis, BMI categories still significantly associated with all cause death rate (OR = 0.77, P < 0.05), cardiac death rate (OR = 0.78, P < 0.05) and HF death rate (OR = 0.79, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In patients with systolic heart failure, lower BMI was an independent predictor of increased all cause death rate, cardiac death rate and HF death rate.</p>

Profile and associations of carotid femoral pulse wave velocity in a community-based Beijing population of middle and old age / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the profile and related factors of carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV) in a community-based Beijing population of middle and old age.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 1519 residents aged 44 - 79 years old from Shijingshan district, Beijing, were recruited for the cardiovascular risk factor survey and CFPWV measurements. One way ANOVA, pearson correlation and partial correlation, stepwise multi-linear regression were used for the data analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The age-adjusted mean value of CFPWV was significantly higher in men than that in women (11.4 vs. 11.1 m/s, P = 0.007). CFPWV increased significantly with age both for men and women (all P < 0.01). (2) After adjusting for age and gender, CFPWV was significantly higher in people with hypertension, diabetes and higher heart rate (> 70 beats/min) than people without these factors (P < 0.01). (3) CFPWV significantly correlated with age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and heart rate (correlation coefficient ranged from 0.12 - 0.46, all P < 0.01). In female, CFPWV was positively correlated with total cholesterol and triglycerides (correlation coefficient 0.11 and 0.13, all P < 0.01). Multi-linear regression analysis showed age, gender, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and heart rate were independent predictors of CFPWV.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In this middle and old age Chinese population, age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and heart rate but not HDL-cholesterol and body mass index were associated with CFPWV.</p>

A cohort study on parental history and risk factors of stroke in Chinese population / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the relationship between parental history and the incidence of stroke in Chinese populations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 15,131 individuals (7015 men and 8116 women, aged from 35 to 59 years) in China were enrolled and followed up from 1992 to 2005. Information on the parental history of stroke of the participants was collected at baseline study under face to face interview. Individuals were divided into three groups according to their parental history of hypertension: those with no parental history of hypertension (Group 1), those with only one parent having the history of hypertension (Group 2) and those with both parents having the history of hypertension (Group 3). The hazard ratio and its 95% confidence interval were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 370 stroke events during 163 858 person-years of observation. After adjusting for age and sex, the hazard ratioon stroke for group 1, group 2 and group 3 were 1.00, 1.74 (1.33-2.29), 3.61 (1.86-7.01), respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, drinking, serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipid cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting glucose, body mass index (BMI) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the model, the hazard ratio for stroke of those three groups were 1.00, 1.34 (1.02-1.77), 2.50 (1.29-4.87), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Individuals with parental history of stroke had a higher risk of stroke, and this was especially true for those with both parents having the history of stroke.</p>

Study on the baseline physical activity and the risk of ischemic cardiovascular diseases / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the associations between physical activity measures [metabolic equivalents of energy expenditure (MET) per hour per day] and ischemic cardiovascular diseases (ICVD) in Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A survey on cardiovascular risk factors was conducted in different areas of China in fall 1998. People aged 35 to 59 but without a history of coronary heart and stroke at baseline were prospectively followed and 11 849 subjects whose information were complete at the end of second follow-up were valid. Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) for incident ischemic cardiovascular diseases and the different measures of physical activity.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During a mean follow-up period of 5.9 years, 84 incident ischemic cardiovascular events were ascertained. We examined the HRs of ischemic cardiovascular events for a 1-unit change in METs value, which were included in the models as continuous variable. There were negative association of METs values found with ischemic cardiovascular events in total, urban, rural, male and female subjects, and statistical significance in the urban (HRs = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05-0.95) but the association was weakened after adjustment for demographic factors. When further adjustment for other intermediate factors, the significance in the urban was again attenuated. When the urban males and females, rural males and females were divided into 3 groups according to their respective tertiles and the combination of different population groups, the factors of male/female and urban/ rural were equally distributed in different groups, and no more adjustment in the Cox model. The multivariate - adjusted (age and education attainment) HRs associated with the tertiles, from lowest to highest, were: 1, 1.03 and 0.65 (P(trend) = 0.170) for the total, 1, 0.72 and 0.64 for the urban, 1, 1.49 and 0.72 for the rural, 1, 1.05 and 0.59 for men, 1, 0.90 and 0.84 for women.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The totality of our findings pointed to METs per hour per day seemed to be weakly associated with a reduction in ischemic cardiovascular events incidence among urban middle-aged adults.</p>

Factors Related with Therapeutic Effect and Prognosis of Postoperative Radiotherapy for Nasal and Paranasal Sinuses Carcinoma / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo investigate the factors related with curative effect and prognosis of postoperative radiotherapy for nasal and paranasal sinuses carcinoma.MethodsThe data of 95 patients with nasal and paranasal sinuses carcinoma and received postoperative radiotherapy were reviewed retrospectively. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the survival, Logrank test used to compare the differences between different groups. Multivariate analysis was performed by Cox proportional hazard model.ResultsThe overall 1, 3, 5, 10-year survival rates of 95 patients were 84.2%, 50.5%, 44.2% and 20% respectively. Univariate analysis showed that sex, age, operative modality and tumor dose were not related with survival. Histological and clinical stages were related with survival. Multivariate analysis indicated that histological and clinical stages were independent prognostic factors. The follow-up results showed that visual disturbance, xerostomia, dysaudia were the major side effects.ConclusionPostoperative radiotherapy can improve therapeutic effect in the treatment of nasal and paranasal sinuses carcinoma, and histological and clinical stages are the independent prognostic factors effecting prognosis.

Effects of comprehensive interventions in community on smoking, chronic bronchitis, and asthma in rural areas of Beijing / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of comprehensive interventions in community on smoking, chronic bronchitis, and asthma in rural areas of Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-three villages in rural areas of Beijing were randomly divided into interventional (13 villages) and control villages (10 villages) in 1992. Comprehensive interventions including education of former-smokers and improvement of living environment were carried out in the interventional villages, and none was done in the control villages. In April 2000, surveys on smoking, chronic bronchitis, and asthma were carried out among 34,436 participants aged 15 or more in the interventional and control villages. During the same period, knowledge on prevention from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), living environments, and smoking were assessed among 1658 high-risk individuals of COPD at baseline and following-up period.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The scores of knowledge and improvement on living environments in the interventional villages were significantly higher than those in control villages (P < 0.001). The decrease rate of smoking and current smoking rate in the interventional villages were significantly higher than in the control villages (0.4% vs -0.8%, P < 0.001; 2.4% vs 1.3%, P < 0.001) in men, while not different in women (P > 0.05). Among never smokers at baseline, the accumulated incidence of smoking among people aged 15 to 24 from 1993 to 2000 was significantly lower in the interventional villages than in the control villages in men (18.9% vs 23.7%, P = 0.005) and in women (0% vs 0.7%, P = 0.005). Daily cigarettes smoked by smokers in the interventional villages were less than in control villages in both men (14.8 +/- 7.0 vs 17.2 +/- 8.2 cigs daily, P < 0.001) and women (12.8 +/- 6.9 vs 13.4 +/- 7.2 cigs daily, P = 0.088). The increase of prevalence of chronic bronchitis in the interventional villages was less than in the control villages (men: 0.9% vs 1.3%, P = 0.012; women: 0.1% vs 0.3%, P = 0.003). After the age factor is adjusted, odds ratio (OR) for accumulated incidence of chronic bronchitis from 1993 to 2000 in the interventional villages were 0.80 (95%CI: 0.60-1.07) for men, 0.76 (95%CI: 0.45-1.28) in women. The OR for asthma was not significant in both men and women.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Comprehensive interventions in community may improve knowledge of COPD prevention and living environments, decrease the smoking rate, cigarettes smoked per day, and incidence of chronic bronchitis, but have no significant effects on asthma.</p>

The current status on the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of diabetes mellitus in several Chinese subpopulations / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), diabetes mellitus(DM), rates of awareness, treatment and control of DM in 14 Chinese subpopulations and the trends of development in recent years.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We collected data on history regarding DM and fasting serum glucose in 14 Chinese subpopulations aged 35 to 59 in 1998, under cluster sampling. In 4 out of the 14 subpopulation samples, a similar survey using same methods in 1993 - 1994 was carried out. IFG and DM were diagnosed according to the WHO criteria.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The age-standardized prevalence rates of IFG and DM were from 0.5% to 15.6% (mean: 4.8%) and from 0.2% to 10.6% (mean: 4.3%) for the whole 14 subpopulations in 1998 which were not different between men and women, but higher in urban than in rural (P < 0.01), but increased with age (P < 0.01). The rates of awareness,treatment and control of DM were from 0% to 46.2% (mean: 33.3%), from 0% to 46.2% (mean: 27.2%), and from 0% to 15.4% (mean: 9.7%), which were significantly higher in women than in men (P < 0.01), higher in urban than in rural (P = 0.031), and higher in older participants (P < 0.05), but not much different in the levels of education. The rate of treatment in patients with awareness of DM and the rate of control in patients with treated DM were 81.6% and 35.6% respectively, which were not different between men and women, urban and rural or among different age groups. The mean prevalence of DM increased from 3.8% in 1993 - 1994 to 4.6% in 1998 (P = 0.037). The rates of awareness, treatment and control of DM had an increasing trends but with no significant differences between years 1993 - 1994 and 1998.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of DM in 14 Chinese subpopulations exhibited no differences between men and women, but showing significant differences among areas and an increasing trend in the recent years. The rates of awareness, treatment, and control were still relatively low. To improve the efficacy of screening program and treatment seemed to be the two key issues in prevention and control of DM in China.</p>

The development and Assessment on the general quality of life intrument for Chinese people / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop a general quality of life (QOL) instrument for Chinese in accordance with the Chinese culture and to assess its reliability, validity and sensitivity.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A 35-item QOL questionnaire(QOL-35) was developed with reference to the World Health Organization QOL questionnaire(WHO-100) and the 36-item medical outcomes study on short-form health status(SF-36). Thirty five items were divided into six domains (general, physical, independent, psychological, social, environment) and one item on QOL transition. The reliability of QOL-35 was assessed by a test-retest survey among 127 adults with an interval of 24-72 hours. The internal consistency and validity were evaluated by a survey on 135 adults from outpatients or general population, using QOL-35, WHO-100 and SF-36. The adaptability was assessed by application to 1356 community-based samples in Beijing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1)Test-retest reliability of QOL-35: weighted Kappa indexes for items were from 0.86 to 1.00. Intraclass correlation coefficients were from 0.68 to 0.94 for domains, and 0.94 for total score. (2) On internal consistency: Cronbach's Alphas were 0.93, 0.97 and 0.89 for QO1-35, WHO-100 and SF-36. (3)On construct validity. The accumulated proportions of variances of the preceding seven factors were 66.5%, 50.3% and 65.3% for QOL-35, WHO-100 and SF-36. (4) On criterion validity. Spearman correlation coefficients of total QOL score of QOL-35 with those of WHO-100 and SF-36 were 0.805 and 0.745. (5)The rates of chronic diseases were 53.1%, 33.1%, 26.4% and 25.1% from first to fourth quantile of the total QOL scores of QOL-35(P<0.05). (6)Cronbach's Alpha was from 0.68 to 0.93 in 135 subjects, and from 0.71 to 0.91 in 1356 individuals of natural population.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The QOL-35 instrument satisfied test-retest reliability and was highly correlated with WHO-100 and SF-36, having fewer items but better construction validity, better internal consistency, and better discrimination ability. We suggested that QOL-35 be used as a replicable tool to assess quality of life in the Chinese general population.</p>

Relationship between the severity, course, fatality of severe acute respiratory syndrome patients and the timing of hospitalization / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the relationship of timing of hospitalization and the severity, course, fatality of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>1291 hospital records of clinically diagnosed SARS patients with complete data gathered from "2003 Beijing SARS Clinical Database" were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>SARS cases were categorized into four groups, according to the time of hospitalization after onset of the disease: within 3 days, during day 4 to day 7, during day 8 to day 14 and after day 14. The numbers of cases for each group were 568, 496, 177 and 50 respectively. Data showed that from group 1 to 4, the prevalence rates of major symptoms on the first day of hospitalization were: (1) 9.7%, 16.5%, 23.1% and 24.0% for "feeling chest pain" (P < 0.001), (2) 7.4%, 13.7%, 19.2% and 22.0% for "suffering from breathing obstruction" (P < 0.001), (3) 32.8%, 44.8%, 59.9% and 48.0%, for "coughing" (P < 0.001) and (4) 14.1%, 22.4%, 27.1% and 18.0% for "coughing up phlegm" (P = 0.0002), respectively. The rates of high respiratory frequency (>or= 24 bits/min.) were 11.1%, 15.5%, 22.8% and 25.5% (P < 0.001). The rates of abnormal chest X-ray were 80.3%, 89.0%, 92.3% and 88.9%, respectively (P = 0.002). The average numbers of abnormal lung field (the lung were divided into 6 fields) were 1.7, 1.9, 2.5 and 2.6 (P < 0.001); The numbers of cases receiving continuous oxygen supply treatment were 33.6%, 50.0%, 53.7% and 74.0% (P < 0.001), and the numbers of cases receiving glucocorticosteroids treatment were 28.2%, 35.9%, 53.7% and 62.0% (P < 0.001), respectively. With cases having had chronic baseline diseases prior to SARS infection, the age-standardized fatality rates were 14.9%, 11.7%, 50.0% and 33.9% (P < 0.001), and the average courses of the disease were 30.3, 34.2, 42.9 and 47.5 days (P < 0.001), respectively. In cases without chronic baseline diseases, the age-standardized fatality rates were 5.3%, 9.8%, 9.2% and 8.3% (P = 0.101), and the average courses for each group were 32.4, 35.3, 40.9 and 47.6 days (P < 0.001), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Delayed hospitalization would cause the situation of SARS patient to deteriorate, losing the best chance for treatment and increase case fatality. In terms of control program on SARS, emphasize should be paid on decreasing the panic of patients to the disease so as to get early hospitalization.</p>