ABSTRACT
El síndrome de Alport (SA) es una enfermedad hereditaria de las membranas basales, debida a mutaciones en la colágena tipo IV. Clínicamente se caracteriza por nefropatía hereditaria progresiva, comúnmente asociada a sordera sensorial y/o lesiones oculares y, en ocasiones, leiomiomatosis. Constituye de 1-2% de las causas de enfermedad renal terminal en Europa y aproximadamente 3% en la población pediátrica americana. Existen tres formas genéticas de SA: 1. Ligado al cromosoma X, debido a mutaciones en el gen COL4A5. Esta forma se presenta en aproximadamente 80-85% de los pacientes. 2. Autosómico recesivo, debido a mutaciones en ambos alelos (homocigotos) de los genes COL4A3 ó COL4A4, ubicado en el cromosoma 2q35-37. Se presenta aproximadamente en 15% de las familias. 3. Autosómico dominante, debido a una mutación heterocigota de los genes COL4A3 ó COL4A4. Se presenta aproximadamente en 5% de las familias. La evolución depende del género y de factores genéticos. Se expone la fisiopatología de la enfermedad desde el punto de vista genético y bioquímico, así como las manifestaciones clínicas e histopatológicas, estrategias de diagnóstico y las opciones terapéuticas.
Alport syndrome (AS) is a hereditary disease of basal membranes due to a mutation in type IV collagen. It is characterized by hereditary progressive nephropathy often associated with sensorineural hearing loss, ocular defects and less commonly leiomyomatosis. It accounts for 1-2% of end stage renal disease patients in Europe and approximately 3% of end stage renal disease children in America. There are 3 genetic forms of AS: 1. X-linked, due to mutation in COL4A5 gene, present in 80-85% of patients. 2. Autosomal recessive, due to mutations in both alleles of COL4A3 or COL4A4 located in the 2q35-37 chromosome, present in 15% of families with Alport syndrome. 3. Autosomal dominant, due to a heterozygous mutation in COL4A3 or COL4A6 genes, it is present in 5% of the patients. The disease genetics, biochemistry, clinical presentation, histopathology, diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic options are reviewed.
ABSTRACT
Introducción. La púrpura de Henoch-Schönlein (PHS) es la vasculitis más frecuente en niños. Objetivo: conocer la presentación clínica y evolución de los pacientes con PHS que se han tratado en el hospital en los últimos 5 años. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en pacientes que acudieron al Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, del 1 de enero de 2000 al 31 de diciembre de 2005, con diagnóstico de PHS. Resultados. Se encontraron 105 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 6 años. El tiempo promedio de seguimiento fue de 15 meses. Todos presentaron lesiones dérmicas, 49.5% dolor abdominal y 41% artritis; 45 (42.9%) pacientes manifestaron nefropatía, con un promedio de aparición de 4.5 meses después de las lesiones dérmicas. Sólo en 37.7% de los casos con nefropatía desaparecieron las alteraciones urinarias. Se realizó biopsia renal en 14 pacientes. La lesión histopatológica más frecuente fue el grado IIIA. La edad de presentación tuvo relación estadísticamente significativa con la presencia de nefritis, los mayores de 10 años tuvieron mayor incidencia de nefritis y los menores de 5 años menor incidencia (Chi cuadrada, P < 0.05). La incidencia global de insuficiencia renal crónica fue de 0.95%. Conclusión. La edad de presentación es un factor pronóstico para la evolución de la enfermedad. Si bien la púrpura es una vasculitis, la principal complicación a largo plazo es renal, por lo que el seguimiento de los pacientes debe ser supervisado por un nefrólogo pediatra.
Introduction. Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most frequent vasculitis in children. Objective: To describe the clinical presentation and clinical outcome in children with HSP treated in our hospital in the last 5 years. Material and methods. A retrospective study was performed in HSP patients diagnosed between January 1st 2001 and December 31st 2005. Results. HSP was diagnosed in 105 patients, median age 6 years old. All had the skin manifestations, 49.5% abdominal pain and 41% arthritis; 45 patients developed HSP nephritis (42.9%), mean presentation time was 4.5 months after HSP diagnosis. Renal biopsy was performed in 14 patients, and the most common histopathological finding was HSP nephritis grade III A. Age of onset older than 10 years was statistically significant for nephritis development (Chi Square < 0.05). Chronic renal insufficiency incidence was 0.95%. Conclusions. The main complication of HSP is nephritis. Follow-up should include evaluation by a pediatric nephrologist. Age of onset older than 10 years is an important risk factor for HSP nephritis.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the antimicrobial activity of several antimicrobial agents against 97 clinical significant isolates of Enterococcus spp. MATHERIAL AND METHODS: During a 2-year prospective study at Instituto Nacional de Pediatria (National Institute of Pediatrics) in Mexico City. Ninety seven strains of Enterococcus spp. (60 E. faecalis and 37 E. faecium) were tested against 11 antibiotics. Susceptibility tests were performed with agar, according to the standards of the sNational Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Isolates were screened for high-level resistance (HLR) to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides and other antibiotics, as well as for vancomycin-phenotypes. Differences between proportions were evaluated with chi2 of Fisher exact fest. RESULTS: Overall resistance rates to the antibiotics tested were: 17/97 (17.5 percent) to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and imipenem. There was neither HLR nor beta-lactamase production; 74/97 (48.4 percent) were resistant to erythromycin; 60 percent to ciprofloxacin; 31/97 (32 percent) to gentamicin, and 55/97 (56.7 percent) to streptomycin. Seven strains were vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), all of them identified as E. faecium; 5/7 with Van A and 2/7 with Van B phenotypes. All the isolates were susceptible to linezolid. The difference in susceptibility among species was significant. CONCLUSIONS: Mutidrug-resistant enterococci is a real problem and continuous surveillance is necessary. The microbiology laboratory is the first line of defense against the spread of multiantibiotic-resistan enterococci in the hospital environment . All the strains recovered should be tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin and glycopeptides