Teaching Competencies in Nursing Professors: Visions of Students and Academics / Competencias docentes en profesores de Enfermería: visión de alumnos y académicos

Objective. This work sought to know the view of Nursing professors and students about the competencies the faculty staff must have to deploy their educational function with maximum quality and efficiency. Methods. Descriptive qualitative study through focus groups conducted with professors, students and recent Nursing career graduates from universities in Spain. Results. The importance of the proposed teaching competencies was delved into, highlighting the importance of professors knowing the context in which they teach, having the ability to self-evaluate their activity, and having adequate interpersonal communication skills, and deploy the teaching-learning process by performing proper planning, using new technologies, and knowing how to engage in teamwork. Moreover, a small discrepancy was detected in relation to disciplinary competence, which students felt was of importance, but which academics indicated is taken for granted in nursing professors; competencies directly related to the act of teaching must be enhanced. Conclusion.Practical unanimity was found between academics and students in affirming that the competencies investigated are important for adequate development of the teaching activity in nursing professors. In all cases, the urgent need was highlighted for nursing professors to have adequate teaching training to provide their students with formation of the highest quality.

Objetivo. Conocer la visión de profesores y alumnos de Enfermería acerca de las competencias que deben presentar los docentes para desplegar su función educativa con la máxima calidad y eficacia. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo cualitativo a través de grupos focales realizados con profesores, alumnos y recién egresados del Grado en Enfermería de universidades de España. Resultados. Se profundizó en la importancia de las competencias docentes propuestas, destacando la relevancia de que los profesores conozcan el contexto en el que desarrollan la docencia, tengan la habilidad de autoevaluar su actividad, dispongan de unas adecuadas habilidades de comunicación interpersonal, y desplieguen el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje realizando una correcta planificación, empleando las nuevas tecnologías y sabiendo trabajar en equipo. Por otro lado, se detectó una pequeña discrepancia con relación a la competencia disciplinar, a la que los estudiantes brindaron una gran importancia, pero que los académicos indicaron que se da por supuesta en los profesores enfermeros, debiendo ser potenciadas las competencias directamente relacionadas con el acto docente. Conclusión. Se ha hallado una práctica unanimidad entre académicos y estudiantes en afirmar que las competencias investigadas son importantes para un adecuado desarrollo de la actividad docente en los profesores de Enfermería. En todos los casos, se destacó la imperiosa necesidad de que los profesores de Enfermería dispongan de una adecuada capacitación docente para poder brindar a sus estudiantes una formación de la máxima calidad.

Microtornillos como método de control vertical en desprogramación muscular / Vertical control with miniscrews in muscular deprogramming treatment

Una de las consecuencias de la desprogramación neuromuscular es la rotación mandibular en sentido horario, evidenciando el punto prematuro de contacto y aumentando la dimensión vertical del paciente. En pacientes clase II con componente vertical, es un problema realizar este tipo de tratamiento, ya que por lo general este efecto de posterorrotación mandibular hace el perfil más convexo, y en algunos casos genera mordida abierta anterior, la cual se debe corregir posteriormente con el tratamiento de ortodoncia, cirugía o prótesis, lo que alarga el tiempo total de tratamiento por la necesidad de control vertical. El presente caso se trata de una mujer de 45 años de edad, dolicofacial, con tendencia a mordida abierta, mordida dual, sobremordida vertical y horizontal disminuidas, motivo de consulta dolor articular, el cual no le permite continuar con sus labores diarias, el tratamiento realizado fue desprogramación neuromuscular con un guarda oclusal inferior con el propósito de aliviar sintomatología articular y control vertical con microtornillos palatinos previo a tratamiento ortodóncico (AU)

One of the effects of the neuromuscular deprogramming treatment is the mandibular clockwise rotation, making the light premature occlusal contact more evident and increasing the patient vertical dimension. In Class II patients with vertical component is difficult to treat them due to profile worsening as an effect of the clockwise rotation creating in some patient's anterior open bite, this has to be corrected later in treatment with orthodontic intrusion, surgery or prosthodontic treatment, increasing the total time of treatment with the vertical control necessity. This case report is a 45 years old patient, dolichofacial, with anterior open bite tendency, dual bite, decreased overjet and overbite, her chief complaint was temporomandibular joint dysfunction which dont allow her to do her daily duties, the treatment for her was neuromuscular deprogramming splint for the temporomandibular joint pain, and vertical control with temporary anchorage devices (miniscrews) before the orthodontic treatment (AU)

Terapia de reemplazo renal continua. Conceptos, indicaciones y aspectos básicos de su programación / Continuous renal replacement therapy. Concepts, indications and basic aspects of its program

Resumen La insuficiencia renal aguda se define como la pérdida de función del riñón ocasionada por diversas causas, desde la infección hasta la ingesta de fármacos, esta entidad sigue teniendo alta morbilidad y mortalidad en las unidades de cuidados críticos, el tratamiento de esta enfermedad va desde la propia protección renal hasta la sustitución artificial de las funciones del riñón lesionado; en la actualidad la terapia de reemplazo renal continua se ha utilizado como soporte renal, ofreciendo mayor estabilidad clínica a los pacientes más inestables, en esta revisión se comentan conceptos e indicaciones, así como el método de programación.

Abstract Acute renal failure, defined as the loss of kidney function caused by various causes, from infection to the intake of drugs, has still a high mortality in critical care units, the therapy of this disease is from its own protection to the artificial kidney replacement of injured kidney functions, currently the continuous renal replacement therapy has been used as a way of renal support, providing greater clinical stability in the most unstable patients, this review discusses concepts and indications, as well as the programming method.

Dry Extract of Passiflora incarnata L. leaves as a Cardiac and Hepatic Oxidative Stress Protector in LDLr-/- Mice Fed High-Fat Diet

ABSTRACT The control of dyslipidemia by using herbal products is an important subject for studies. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dry Passiflora incarnata L. extract over dyslipidemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and hepatic oxidative stress of LDL receptor knockout mice (LDLr-/-). Forty 4-month old male LDLr-/- mice were distributed into four groups: Group standard diet; Group standard diet and 200 mg/kg of body weight of Passiflora incarnata L. leaf dry extract; Group high-fat diet; Group high-fat diet and 200 mg/kg of body weight of Passiflora incarnata L. leaf dry extract. After 30 days, Passiflora incarnata L. dry extract reduced the effects of the high-fat diet, with a decrease of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and increase of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), as well as a reduction of C-reactive protein, alkaline phosphatase and insulin. There was no effect on glucose, Homa index and enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. However, the prevention of left ventricular hypertrophy occurred, as well as lipid peroxidation and the production of carbonyl proteins, which are both oxidative stress markers. In conclusion, Passiflora incarnata L. dry extract acts in the prevention of dyslipidemia, consequently, hindering the occurrence of hepatic oxidative stress and the development of left ventricular hypertrophy by the increase of serum HDL, in mice that had the effects of a high-fat diet.

Overactive bladder - 18 years - Part II

ABSTRACT Traditionally, the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome has been based on the use of oral medications with the purpose of reestablishing the detrusor stability. The recent better understanding of the urothelial physiology fostered conceptual changes, and the oral anticholinergics – pillars of the overactive bladder pharmacotherapy – started to be not only recognized for their properties of inhibiting the detrusor contractile activity, but also their action on the bladder afference, and therefore, on the reduction of the symptoms that constitute the syndrome. Beta-adrenergic agonists, which were recently added to the list of drugs for the treatment of overactive bladder, still wait for a definitive positioning – as either a second-line therapy or an adjuvant to oral anticholinergics. Conservative treatment failure, whether due to unsatisfactory results or the presence of adverse side effects, define it as refractory overactive bladder. In this context, the intravesical injection of botulinum toxin type A emerged as an effective option for the existing gap between the primary measures and more complex procedures such as bladder augmentation. Sacral neuromodulation, described three decades ago, had its indication reinforced in this overactive bladder era. Likewise, the electric stimulation of the tibial nerve is now a minimally invasive alternative to treat those with refractory overactive bladder. The results of the systematic literature review on the oral pharmacological treatment and the treatment of refractory overactive bladder gave rise to this second part of the review article Overactive Bladder – 18 years, prepared during the 1st Latin-American Consultation on Overactive Bladder.

Overactive bladder - 18 years - Part I

ABSTRACT Abstract: Overactive bladder syndrome is one of the lower urinary tract dysfunctions with the highest number of scientific publications over the past two decades. This shows the growing interest in better understanding this syndrome, which gathers symptoms of urinary urgency and increased daytime and nighttime voiding frequency, with or without urinary incontinence and results in a negative impact on the quality of life of approximately one out of six individuals – including both genders and almost all age groups. The possibility of establishing the diagnosis just from clinical data made patients' access to specialized care easier. Physiotherapy resources have been incorporated into the urological daily practice. A number of more selective antimuscarinic drugs with consequent lower adverse event rates were released. Recently, a new class of oral drugs, beta-adrenergic agonists has become part of the armamentarium for Overactive Bladder. Botulinum toxin injections in the bladder and sacral neuromodulation are routine modalities of treatment for refractory cases. During the 1st Latin-American Consultation on Overactive Bladder, a comprehensive review of the literature related to the evolution of the concept, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management was conducted. This text corresponds to the first part of the review Overactive Bladder 18-years.

Efeitos da administração de eritropoietina na dislipidemia e na hipertrofia ventricular esquerda de camundongos hiperlipidêmicos / Effects of administration of the erythropoietin in dyslipidemia and left ventricular hypertrophy of hyperlipidemic mice

O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da eritropoietina (EPO) no perfil lipídico e na hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) de camundongos LDLr-/- alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica, Foram utilizados vinte e quatro camundongos LDLr-/-, machos, 3 meses de idade, equinumericamente divididos em 3 grupos: Grupo S, alimentados com dieta padrão, Grupo HL, alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica (20% de gordura total e 1,25% de colesterol, 0,5 % ácido cólico), Grupo HL+EPO, alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica e tratados com EPO na dose semanal de 200UI/kg via subcutânea, Após 75 dias de experimento foram avaliadas a desenvoltura da HVE e as concentrações séricas de glicose, triglicérides (TG), colesterol total (CT) e de lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL), de muita baixa densidade (VLDL), e de alta densidade (HDL) além da razão entre a massa ventricular esquerda e a massa total do animal: massa ventricular (mg)/massa do animal(g), O protocolo experimental foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética Experimental da Universidade sob o número 13A/2010, Ao final do período experimental, os camundongos do grupo HL apresentaram desenvolvimento de HVE com aumento nas concentrações séricas de CT, LDL, VLDL, TG e glicose e redução do HDL, quando comparados com parâmetros dos camundongos do grupo S, O uso da EPO pelo grupo HL+EPO aumentou significativamente (p<0,05) as concentrações séricas do HDL, quando comparados com o grupo HL, e preveniu a HVE, Além disso, reduziu as concentrações de CT, LDL e glicose (p<0,05), Entretanto, a EPO não foi eficiente em impedir a hipertrigliceridemia e tão pouco foi capaz de reduzir as concentrações de VLDL induzidas pela dieta HL, Em conclusão, a EPO apresentou alguns efeitos cardioprotetores, prevenindo a HVE bem como corrigindo algumas das variáveis bioquímicas induzidas pela dieta HL, Estes efeitos podem estar em parte, relacionados ao aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de HDL...

The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on the lipid profile and in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in mice LDLr-/-, fed a high fat diet. Were used twenty-four mice LDLr- / -, male, 3 months old, proportionally divided in 3 groups: S Group, fed with standard diet; HL Group, fed with high fat diet (20% fat total and 1.25% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid); HL + EPO Group, fed with high-fat diet and treated with EPO on weekly dose of 200UIkg, subcutaneously. After 75 days of experiment the development of LVH, serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low, very low and high density lipoprotein (LDL, VLDL and HDL, respectively) in addition to the left ventricular mass ratio and the total mass of the animal (ventricular mass(mg)/total animal mass(g)) were evaluated. The experimental protocol was approved by the University Ethics Committee of the Experimental Studies under the number 13A/2010. At the end of the trial period, the mice of the HL presented development of LVH with increase in serum concentrations of CT, LDL, VLDL, TG and glucose and a decreased of HDL concentrations, when compared with parameters of mice of the Group S. The use of EPO by HL+EPO group increased serum concentrations of HDL, compared with the HL group (p<0,05) and prevented LVH. In addition, reduced the serum concentrations of TC, LDL, and glucose (p<0,05). However, EPO was not efficient in preventing the hypertriglyceridemia and still, wasn?t able to reduce VLDL concentrations induced by the diet HL. In conclusion, the EPO presented some cardio protective effects, preventing the HVE as well as correcting some of the biochemical variables diet HL-induced. These effects may be, in part, related to increased plasma concentrations of HDL...

Avaliação macroscópica da exposição ao etanol e da desintoxicação alcoólica sobre lesões gástricas em ratos / Macroscopic assessment of exposure to ethanol and alcoholic detoxificationon gastric lesions in rats

Objetivos: Investigar os efeitos do consumo crônico de etanol e da desintoxicação alcoólica sobre o aspecto macroscópico em lesões gástricasem ratos.Métodos: Trata-se de estudo experimental no qual foram utilizados 18 ratos machos adultos (Rattus novergicus) da linhagem Wistar, com40 dias de vida, divididos em três grupos aleatórios com seis animais cada: Grupo Controle (CT), Grupo Desintoxicado (DE) e Grupo Alcoólico(AC). Os animais do grupo AC foram submetidos a um modelo experimental denominado alcoolista crônico, em que, após um período deadaptação receberam etanol como único alimento liquido disponível até completar 13 semanas de experimento. Os animais do grupo DEforam submetidos ao mesmo protocolo que o grupo AC, no entanto, ao completarem seis semanas de consumo alcoólico, foram submetidosao processo de desintoxicação alcoólica. Ao final do experimento coletaram-se os estômagos dos animais dos três grupos para investigaçãoda presença de lesões gástricas.Resultados: Os animais do grupo CT não apresentaram lesões. Os animais do grupo DE, em comparação com os do grupo AC, exibiram umnúmero maior de lesões gástricas (44±3,7 e 21±0,3 respectivamente). A análise macroscópica dos estômagos indica que os animais do grupoDE foram os que apresentaram maior índice de lesões na mucosa gástrica.Conclusões: O etanol consumido de forma crônica ou após a desintoxicação alcoólica desencadeou lesões gástricas nos grupos AC e DE,porém de forma mais acentuada no grupo submetido à desintoxicação, o que pode caracterizar um possível sinergismo entre consumo deetanol e o estresse pós-desintoxicação alcoólica na patogenia da úlcera gástrica.

Aims: To investigate the effects of chronic ethanol consumption and alcohol detox on macroscopic gastric lesions in rats.Methods: This is an experimental study in which 18 adult male rats (Rattus norvegicus) of the Wistar strain, with 40 days of life were dividedinto three randomized groups with six animals each: Control Group (CT), Detoxicated Group (DE) and Alcohol Group (AC). The AC animalshave been subjected to an experimental model termed as chronic alcoholics, in which, after a period of adaptation, they received ethanol as theonly liquid food available until completion of 13 weeks of the experiment. The DE was subjected to the same protocol as the AC, however,after six weeks of alcohol consumption, the animals were subjected to the alcohol detoxification process. At the end of the experiment, thestomach of the three groups of animals were collected in order to investigate the presence of gastric lesions.Results: The animals in the CG showed no lesions. The animals in DE exhibited a larger number of lesions in comparison to the AC (44±3.7and 21±0.3 respectively). Macroscopic examination of the animal’s stomachs indicates that the animals in the DE were those with the highestinjury rate in the gastric mucosa.Conclusions: Ethanol consumed chronically or after alcohol detoxification triggered gastric lesions in AC and DE, but sharply in the groupsubmitted to detoxification, which can characterize a possible synergism between ethanol consumption and alcohol detox post-stress in thepathogenesis of gastric ulcer

La autopublicación, un nuevo paradigma en la creación digital del libro / Self-publishing, a new paradigm in digital book creation

Se entiende por autopublicación la publicación de un libro o cualquier otro documento por parte del autor de la obra sin la intervención de un tercero o de un editor. Por tanto, el autor es responsable del control de todo el proceso, incluyendo el diseño (cubierta/interior), formatos, precio, distribución, marketing y relaciones públicas. Los autores pueden hacerlo todo o subcontratar la totalidad o parte del proceso con empresas que ofrecen estos servicios. El objetivo del trabajo consiste en el estudio del fenómeno de la autopublicación en el nuevo contexto digital, haciendo un análisis de las ventajas e inconvenientes de los sistemas de autopublicación. Asimismo, se proporcionan datos de la autopublicación en el mundo y se recogen los principales agentes en este mercado, que se aleja del tradicional "Vanity Publisher", para concurrir directamente en el mercado editorial en igualdad de condiciones que las establecidas para los circuitos convencionales.

Self-publishing is the publication of any book or other media by the author of the work, without the intervention of a third party established or publisher. The author is responsible for controlling the whole process, including design (covered indoor), formats, pricing, distribution, marketing and public relations. Authors can do it all themselves or outsource all or part of the process in companies that offer these services. The aim of this paper is analyze the phenomenon of self-publishing in the new digital environment. An analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of self-publishing systems, data are provided in the publishing world and reflects the main players in this market remains a vanity press to attend directly in the publishing market with unprecedented bestsellers.

Níveis séricos de cortisol basal em ratos sob tratamento oral com kefir / Basal serum cortisol in rats under treatment with oral kefir

A via de metabolismo do kefir ainda é desconhecida em muitas funções, pois há poucos estudos que a evidenciam. Assim a proposta do presente estudo é avaliar o efeito do kefir sobre os níveis séricos de cortisol basal. Um Estudo experimental em que foram utilizados 60 ratos, machos, wistar, peso de 180±30g, sendo 20 animais de experimento por 07, 14 e 21dias, divididos em Kefir 20g/200ml (GK); Dexametasona 0,125mg/kg (GD); Ranitidina 0,85mg/kg (GR); Omeprazol 0,68mg/kg (GO); Controle água ad libitum (GCO). Os resultados foram avaliados pelo Software BioEstat 5.0, e para verificação do nível de significância (α<5%) usou-se a ANOVA com o teste Tukey-kramer e Bartlett’s test. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que o cortisol basal (μg/dL) do sangue de 60 ratos (Rattus norvegicus) submetidos ao tratamento, com D7 (P<0.05), evidenciou no GR uma média representativa sobre os demais grupos com 2.2075 μg/dl, e desvio padrão (SD) de 0.4329 μg/dl. Já em D14, as alterações evidenciadas foram relativamente mínimas e pouco representativas, com D21 quando relacionado o GO e GR (P<0.01), ao que tange a relação entre o GK e o GD apresentou diferenças significativas (P< 0,001). A média no GK foi de 3,4 μg/dl com um SD de 0,3238 μg/dl sobre os demais grupos experimentais, o GD apresentou níveis muito baixos de cortisol com 0,0275μg/dl e o SD de 0,009574 μg/dl. Conclui-se que o Kefir, quando consumido em doses contínuas e diariamente, repercutiu na elevação dos níveis séricos de cortisol. Não foi possível estabelece a via de mecanismo que tenha contribuído para tal, entretanto, esse aumento ocorreu sem que os animais sofressem qualquer tipo de dano, ou seja, os animais submetidos ao tratamento com kefir mostraram-se mais vistosos, pelagem firme e com brilho, esboçando aspecto saudável.

The metabolism pathway of kefir remains unknown with regard to many functions due to the few studies that have addressed this issue. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of kefir on basal serum cortisol. For such, 60 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing 180 ± 30 g were allocated to the following five groups: kefir group (KG) – 20 g/200 ml; dexamethasone group (DG) – 0.125 mg/kg; ranitidine group (RG) – 0.85 mg/kg; omeprazole group (OG) – 0.68 mg/kg; and control group (CG) – water ad libitum. Evaluations were carried out on Days 7, 14 and 21 (20 animals per evaluation). Statistical analysis involved ANOVA with the Tukey-Kramer test and Bartlett’s test, with the level of significance set to 5% (p < 0.05). All analyses were performed with the aid of the BioEstat 5.0 program. At the Day 7 evaluation, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in basal cortisol was found in the RG (2.2075 ± 0.4329 μg/dL), whereas non-significant changes were found at the Day 14 evaluation. At the Day 21 evaluation, significant changes were found in the OG and RG (p < 0.01). Moreover, significant differences were found between the KG and DG (p < 0.001); mean cortisol level in the KG was 3.4 ± 0.3238 μg/dL, whereas a very low cortisol level was found in the DG (0.0275 ± 0.009574 μg/dL). Based on the present findings, kefir leads to elevated serum cortisol when consumed in continuous, daily doses. While it was not possible to establish the mechanism that contributed to this result, the increase occurred apparently without causing harm, as the animals submitted to kefir had a firm, shiny coat and appeared healthy.

Efeito do treinamento aquático no perfil lipídico e na hipertrofia ventricular esquerda de camundongos hiperlipidêmicos / Effect of water training on the lipid profile and left ventricular hypertrophy in hyperlipidemic mice

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos do treinamento aquático (TA) no perfil lipídico e nas estruturas ventriculares esquerdas de camundongos hiperlipidêmicos. Foram utilizados 28 camundongos LDLr-/-, machos, divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: sedentários alimentados com ração padrão (C); treinados alimentados com ração padrão (C+TRE), sedentários alimentados com ração hiperlipídica (HL) e treinados alimentados com ração hiperlipídica (HL+TRE). Os animais dos grupos treinados praticaram TA em intensidade moderada, por 60 minutos durante 60 dias consecutivos. Após 48 horas do término do período de treinamento e 12 horas de jejum de repouso os animais foram eutanasiados, o sangue coletado e o soro utilizado para análises laboratoriais de triglicérides, colesterol total e suas frações (LDL, HDL, VLDL). O coração foi removido e o ventrículo esquerdo foi pesado a fresco para se calcular a proporção do peso ventricular esquerdo (mg)/ peso do animal (g). Os resultados mostraram que o TA sem cargas adicionais foi mais eficiente na melhora das concentrações plasmáticos de lipídeos quando acompanhado por uma dieta adequada, confirmando que a associação exercício físico com dieta equilibrada é essencial para obtenção de seus benefícios. O treinamento ocasionou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda excêntrica no grupo alimentado com dieta padrão e, principalmente, diminuiu o depósito de colágeno intersticial no miocárdio dos animais alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica, o que pode indicar uma melhora na função diastólica com consequente melhora da função sistólica. Concluiu-se que o treinamento aquático de intensidade leve a moderada induz adaptações benéficas e profiláticas ao coração, promovendo saúde e prevenindo doenças.

This study assessed the effects of Water training on the lipid profile and left ventricular structures in hyperlipidemic mice. Twenty-eight male LDLr-/- mice were randomly separated into 4 groups: sedentary, fed a standard diet (C); exercising, fed a standard diet (C+TRE); sedentary, fed a hyperlipidic diet (C+HL); and exercising, fed a hyperlipidic diet (E+HL). The exercising mice trained daily for 60 minutes during 60 days. After 48 hours of the end of the training period and 12 hours of rest fasting the animals were underwent euthanasia and the blood was collected for measuring the plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and its fractions (LDL, HDL, VLDL). The heart was removed and the left ventricle was weighed fresh to calculate the ratio left-ventricle weight (mg)/body weight (g). The results showed that the training was more effective in improving lipid plasma levels when combined with a balanced diet, thereby confirming that it is essential to associate physical exercise and diet. The training protocol resulted in eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy in the standard-diet group and decreased interstitial collagen deposition in the myocardium of the high-fat-diet animals, which may indicate an improved diastolic function with consequent improvement in the systolic function. It was concluded that regular moderate aerobic exercise induce beneficial and prophylactic adaptations to heart which promoted a better health condition and prevention to diseases.

Consenso médico de biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina de tiroides. reporte de citología tiroidea basado en el sistema de bethesda / Medical consensus of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid. bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology

En este artículo se presenta un consenso médico basado en el sistema de Bethesda del Instituto Nacionalde Cáncer (Estados Unidos) para el uso de la biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina en el manejo de nódulos tiroideos, realizado en conjunto con patólogos, radiólogos, endocrinólogos y otras especialidades médicas de Colombia, España, Chile, Venezuela, Estados Unidos y Panamá. En este trabajo se describen las indicaciones de la biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina de tiroides, requisitos previos, entrenamiento, acreditación, técnicas, terminología diagnóstica, pruebas complementarias y opciones de tratamiento. El objetivo del actual artículo es presentar ante la comunidad médica la clasificación de los reportes citológicos, el reporte de ecografía que propone usar el sistema de datos y el reporte de imágenes tiroideas (TIRADS, del inglés The Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System), el uso de la medición de tiroglobulina en biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina y técnicas de citología líquida;...

This article presents a medical consensus based on the Bethesda system of the National Cancer Institute (USA) for the use of fine needle aspiration biopsy in the management of thyroid nodules. This consensus was performed in conjunction with pathologists, radiologists, endocrinologists, and other medical specialties of Colombia, Spain, Chile, Venezuela, United States, and Panama. In this work was described the indications for fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid, prerequisites, training, accreditation, techniques, diagnostic terminology, additional tests and treatment options. The aim of this article is present to the medical community the classification of cytological report, ultrasound report using the data system, and the thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS); as well as, the use of thyroglobulin measurement in fine needle aspiration biopsy, and liquid-based cytology techniques...

Análise micológica e toxicológica em amendoim e derivados / Mycological and toxicological analysis of peanuts and derivatives

The filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius produce toxins, which are secondary metabolites called aflatoxins. These toxin-producing species grow rapidly on peanuts and cereals in favorable conditions of temperature and humidity. Their toxins can either cause acute effects, and even be lethal or accumulate in the organism, resulting in liver cancer in the long term. Based on the health risks of aflatoxins in food, a research was conducted on peanuts and derivatives sold in Alfenas, MG, Brazil, to evaluate the presence of Aspergillus sp. and aflatoxins. The samples were randomly collected at ?popular stores?, from November 2008 to May 2009, to assess the occurrence of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The mycological analysis revealed the presence of fungi in 50% of the samples: Penicillium sp. (53.85%), A. flavus (19.23%), A. niger (15.38%) and A. fumigatus (11.54%), and 63.64% of these showed the presence of aflatoxins : B1 (43.14%), B2 (25.49%), G1 (23.53%) and G2 (7.84%). It is concluded that the results reported here are a cause for concern, given the harmfulness of these cumulative and carcinogenic toxins.

As espécies Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus e Aspergillus nomius produzem micotoxinas, que são metabólitos secundários denominados de aflatoxinas. Desenvolvem-se rapidamente em amendoins e cereais produzindo esta toxina, quando em condições favoráveis de temperatura e umidade. Essas toxinas podem produzir efeitos agudos, letais ou não, ou efeito cumulativo no organismo, que a longo prazo, podem causar, principalmente, lesões carcinogênicas hepáticas. Sabendo-se dos riscos à saúde, devido à presença de aflatoxinas nos alimentos, foi realizada uma pesquisa em amendoins e derivados comercializados na cidade de Alfenas ? MG, Brasil, para avaliar a presença de aflatoxinas e de fungos do gênero Aspergillus sp. Amostras foram coletadas aleatoriamente em lojas populares no período de novembro de 2008 a maio de 2009 e avaliada a ocorrência de aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2, utilizando-se a técnica de Cromatografia de Camada Delgada (CCD). Na análise micológica foi constatada a presença de fungos em 50% das amostras, das espécies: Penicillium sp. (53,85%), A. flavus (19,23%), A. niger (15,38%), A. fumigatus (11,54%). Obteve-se como resultado para a presença de aflatoxinas 63,64 %, sendo: B1 (43,14%), B2 (25,49%), G1 (23,53%), G2 (7,84%). Concluiu-se que os números encontrados são preocupantes, tendo em vista a periculosidade desta substância

Efeito da dexametasona e do cetoprofeno na osteogênese e na resistência óssea em ratos / Effect of dexamethasone and ketoprofen on osteogenesis and bone resistance in rats

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do cetoprofeno e da dexametasona na osteogênese ao redor de implante de hidroxiapatita densa (HAD) na tíbia, no osso parietal, e na resistência óssea. Utilizaram-se 15 ratos Wistar, pesando 250±30 g, com 50 dias de idade. Após a anestesia com quetamina/xilazina IM, produziu-se no osso parietal e na epífise proximal da tíbia uma cavidade de 3 mm, sendo implantada a HAD. Após a cirurgia os animais foram divididos em três grupos (n=5): controle (CT), anti-inflamatório não esteroidal (AINES) e anti-inflamatório esteroidal (AIES). O grupo AINES foi submetido ao tratamento com cetoprofeno na dose de 12 mg/Kg/dia, o AIES recebeu doses de 0,10 mg/kg/dia de dexametasona o grupo CT recebeu solução fisiológica 0,9% (SF) por via subcutânea durante 30 dias. Todos os grupos receberam a mesma dieta sólida e água ad libitum. Após 30 dias de experimento os animais sofreram eutanásia, os fêmures coletados, para teste mecânico, e os locais do implante das tíbias e o osso parietal, para análise histomorfométrica. Os grupos AINES e AIES apresentaram menor volume de osso neoformado na falha óssea e ao redor do implante de HAD , como também, menor força máxima para a ruptura completa dos fêmures, quando comparados com o grupo CT. O uso do cetoprofeno e a dexametasona interferiram na osteogênese ao redor do implante de HAD e no osso parietal, diminuindo a resistência óssea principalmente pela inibição da COX2 e diminuição das prostaglandinas, comprometendo a estabilidade e manutenção do implante.

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of ketoprofen (NSAID) and dexamethasone (SAID) on osteogenesis around a dense hydroxyapatite (DHA) implant in the tibia and parietal bone, and on the bone resistance. Fifteen fifty-day-old Wistar rats weighing on average 250±30 g were used. The animals were separated into three groups (n=5): control (CT); non-steroidal anti-inflammatoryl (NSAID); and steroidal anti-inflammatory (SAID). After anesthesia with IM ketamine/xylazine, a 3 mm cavity was made in the left parietal bone and in the proximal epiphysis of the left tibia. A DHA bioceramic was implanted in the tibia. The animals were treated subcutaneously during 30 days as follows: NSAID group: ketoprofen at the dose of 12/Kg/day; SAID group: dexamethasone, 0,10 mg/kg/day. The CT group received saline through the same route. All the animals received the same solid diet and water ad libitum. After 30 days of experiment, the animals wereeuthanized, and their femurs collected for the mechanical test, while their tibia and parietal sites were prepared for the histomorphometrical analysis. Microscopically, the SAID and NSAID groups showed a lower volume of neoformed bone. In addition, the NSAID and SAID group femurs required lower maximum force for complete rupture when compared with the CT group. It was concluded that ketoprofen and dexamethasone interfered with osteogenesis and decreased bone resistance by altering the bone tissue metabolism, mainly by inhibiting the COX-2 and decreasing prostaglandins. Therefore, the use of ketoprofen and dexamethasone after bone surgeries can compromise the stability and maintenance of implants.

Las monografías en la edición científica y los perfiles de autoría y productividad en las universidades andaluzas / Monographies in Scholarly Publishing: author's profile and productivity in the andalusies university

La publicación de monografías es una de las actividades más importantes en el ámbito de la edición científica y objetivo prioritario en el sector de la edición universitaria. A pesar de esto se han desarrollado pocos estudios dedicados a su análisis y a las pautas de publicación de sus autores; a extraer perfiles de publicación a partir de la combinación de variables. En este estudio se analizaron las pautas de publicación de autores de universidades andaluzas, desde el punto de vista de la productividad, edad literaria, pertenencia a la universidad y materiales de publicación. El análisis se desarrolló mediante estudio multivariante con el objetivo de detectar los perfiles distintivos de los autores académicos a través del análisis de correspondencias múltiples que permitió establecer los patrones de asociación entre las categorías de las diferentes variables. Se observaron diferencias significativas por áreas científicas, por universidades, por edad literaria y por pertenencia a la universidad. El análisis de cluster mostró igualmente diferencias significativas entre los patrones de publicación de las universidades más antiguas con respecto a las más recientes en todos los parámetros estudiados. Se detectaron cambios importantes entre el estudio desarrollado en 2006 y el actual.

The publication of papers is one of the most important activities in the field of scientific publishing and priority in the academic publishing industry. Yet few studies have been devoted to its analysis and publication patterns of authors to publish profiles extracted from the combination of variables. In this study, analyzed publication patterns of authors from universities in Andalusia, from the standpoint of productivity, literary age, membership in the university and publishing materials. The analysis is developed through multivariate analysis in order to detect distinctive profiles of academic authors through the Multiple Correspondence analysis allows to establish patterns of association between categories of different variables. Significant differences were found by scientific areas by universities, literary age and membership of the university. Cluster analysis also shows significant differences between the patterns of publication of the oldest universities about the latest in all parameters studied. Equally important changes are detected between the study conducted in 2006 and today.

Typing Candida albicans oral isolates from healthy Brazilian schoolchildren using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis reveals two highly polymorphic taxa

The genetic diversity of C. albicans oral isolates from 75 healthy schoolchildren from eight schools located in different geographic areas of Piracicaba city, São Paulo state, Brazil, was established using isoenzymes marker (Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis - MLEE) and cluster analysis. Patterns of monoclonal and polyclonal oral colonization by C. albicans within and between groups of schoolchildren were identified. However, significant divergence between the observed and the expected genotypic frequencies (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test) was not detected in the geographically adjacent groups, suggesting the hypothesis that populations of healthy schoolchildren do not correspond to the selection factor (differential survival) of strains. Two highly polymorphic and distantly genetically related taxa (A and B) were identified within the total population of yeasts, each contained subgroups (A1, A2, A3, A4, B1 and B2) and clusters of moderately related strains (from I to X), suggesting the existence of strains restricted or not to certain groups of geographically limited, healthy students. However, the coexistence of identical strains in healthy schoolchildren from the same school (geographically related) reinforces the hypothesis of oral transmission, where the sources of propagation could be explored. Furthermore, this could also be used in current and retrospective analyses of C. albicans isolated from immunocompetent and immunocompromised people, in order to detect commensal or potentially pathogenic yeast groups, predominantly in candidiasis, and in the development of strategies to prevent transmission or human propagation.

Efeitos do alcoolismo crônico na morfologia renal de ratos Wistar / Effects of chronic alcoholism in the renal morphology of Wistar rats

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O consumo de álcool é prejudicial à integridade do tecido renal, consequentemente, pode originar processos patológicos graves. Dessa forma, considerando o grande número de indivíduos alcoólicos, a importância do tema e também a escassez de dados nacionais e locais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações morfológicas em rins de ratos Wistar sob alcoolismo crônico. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 10 ratos machos (Rattus norvegicus) da linhagem Wistar, com 50 dias de idade, divididos em dois grupos aleatórios (n = 5): Grupo Controle (CT) e Grupo Alcoolizado Crônico (AC). O grupo AC foi submetido ao modelo de alcoolismo crônico determinado de "semivoluntário",sendo o álcool o único alimento líquido disponível ao animal. O grupo AC recebeu por uma semana dieta líquida à base de álcool etílico a 5%, na segunda, 10%, e na terceira, álcool etílico a 15%, permanecendo com essa dieta até 12 semanas. Após, os animais de todos os grupos, foram submetidos à eutanásia (overdose anestésica). Os rins foram coletados para análise histológicae morfométrica. RESULTADOS: A dieta líquida e sólida, a razão do peso renal e peso do animal, espessura do córtex renal, a área glomerular e o espaço capsular dos animais do grupo AC foram inferiores e estatisticamente diferentes dos animais do grupo CT. CONCLUSÃO: O etanol na dose e no tempo utilizado no presente estudo foi suficiente para causar alterações na morfologia renal.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Alcohol consumption is harmful to the integrity of the renal tissue; consequently, it can originate serious pathological problems. This way, we consider the great number of alcoholics' individuals, the importance of this topic and also the poor national and local data on the issue. This project had the goal to analyze the morphologic alteration in rat's kidneys, these rats being Wistar, on chronic alcoholism. METHOD: It was used 10 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) belonging to the line Wistar, they were 50 days old, they were divided in two random groups (n = 5); Control Group (CT) and Chronic Alcoholic Group (AC). The AC group was submitted to the chronic alcoholic model certain "semi-voluntary" alcohol being the only liquid available to the animal. The AC group received, for one week aliquid diet on base of the alcohol ethyl at 5%, on the second week, they received 10%, and on the third week, alcohol ethyl at 15%, staying with that diet for 12 weeks. Later, the animals of all groups were submitted to euthanasia (anesthesia overdose). The kidneys were put for histological and morph metric analyzes. RESULTS: The solid and liquid diet, the ratio of the renal weight and the animal's weight, the thickness of the renal cortex, the glomerular area and the capsule space of group AC animals werel ower and statically different than the animals in group CT. CONCLUSION: The ethanol, in the dose and time utilized inthe present study, was sufficient to cause alterations in renal morphologic.

Efeitos do alcoolismo e da desintoxicação alcoólica sobre o reparo e biomecânica óssea / Effects of alcoholism and alcoholic detoxication on the repair and biomechanics of bone

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do consumo crônico de etanol e da desintoxicação alcoólica sobre a resistência mecânica do osso e neoformação óssea junto a implantes de hidroxiapatita densa (HAD) realizados em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 15 ratos divididos em três grupos, sendo controle (CT), alcoolista crônico (AC) e desintoxicado (DE). Após quatro semanas, foi realizada implantação de HAD na tíbia e produzida falha no osso parietal, em seguida o grupo AC continuaram a consumir etanol e o grupo DE iniciaram a desintoxicação. Ao completar 13 semanas os animais sofreram eutanásia, os ossos foram coletados para o processamento histomorfométrico e os fêmures encaminhados ao teste mecânico de resistência. RESULTADOS: Os animais do grupo AC apresentaram menores valores de neoformação óssea, de calcemia e resistência mecânica, quando comparado aos grupos CT e DE. Os animais dos grupos DE apresentaram valores superiores em todas as variáveis avaliadas em relação ao grupo AC. CONCLUSÃO: O consumo de etanol interferiu na osteogênese ao redor de implante de HAD, nos níveis de cálcio e na resistência mecânica óssea. A desintoxicação alcoólica se mostrou eficaz, pois aumentou à osteogênese e osseointegração da HAD, a calcemia e resistência mecânica óssea. Nivel de Evidência I, estudo terapeutico.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of chronic ethanol consumption and alcohol detoxication on the mechanical resistance of bone and bone neoformation around dense hydroxyapatite implants (DHA) in rats. METHODS: Fifteen rats were separated into three groups: (1) control group (CT); (2) chronic alcoholic (CA), and (3) disintoxicated (DI). After four weeks, a DHA was implanted in the right tibia of the animals, and the CA group continued consuming ethanol, while the DI group started detoxication. The solid and liquid feeding of the animals was recorded, and a new alcohol dilution was effected every 48 hours. After 13 weeks, the animals were euthanized and their biological material was collected. RESULTS: Bone tissue was found around DHA in all the animals. Group CA showed less bone neoformation, lower levels of ionic and total calcium when compared to the animals of the CT and DI groups. The DI animals showed higher values in all the variables in relation to the CA group. CONCLUSION: Ethanol consumption interfered in osteogenesis around the DHA implants, and in calcium levels and mechanical bone resistance. Alcohol detoxication was effective, as it increased osteogenesis, DHA osteointegration, calcemia, and mechanical resistance of the bone. Level of Evidence: Level I, therapeutic studies.

Efeitos do fenobarbital sobre o reparo e a biomecânica de ossos em ratos Wi star / Effects of phenobarbital on bone repair and biomechanics in rats

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos morfológicos do tratamento com fenobarbital, sobre a neoformação óssea e sobre a biomecânica óssea do osso de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dez ratos divididos em dois grupos: controle (CT) e fenobarbital (FE). O grupo FE recebeu doses diárias de fenobarbital 0,035 ml/kg via intramuscular, por 60 dias. O grupo CT recebeu a mesma dose e via de administração de solução fisiológica 0,9 por cento. Após 30 dias, foi realizada uma falha óssea no osso parietal e implantada a hidroxiapatita porosa (HAP) em cavidades nas tíbias. Após as cirurgias, manteve os respectivos protocolos até completar 60 dias e serem eutanasiados, sendo os ossos coletados. RESULTADOS: O volume de osso formado ao redor HAP na falha parietal e os achados biomecânicos foram menores nos animais do grupo FE em relação ao CT. CONCLUSÃO: O uso prolongado do fenobarbital interfere no reparo ósseo após lesões, diminui a osseointegração de implantes de HAP e torna os ossos menos resistentes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the morphological effects of phenobarbital treatment on new bone formation and on bone marrow biomechanics in Wistar rats. METHODS: We used ten rats that were divided into two groups: control (CT) and phenobarbital (FE). The FE group received daily doses of phenobarbital 0.035 ml / kg intramuscularly for 60 days. The CT group received the same dose and route of administration of 0.9 percent saline solution. After 30 days, we introduced a bone defect in the parietal bone and implanted porous hydroxyapatite (HAP) in cavities in the tibia. After surgery, we continued the protocols until the end of 60 days when the rats were euthanized, and the bones were collected. RESULTS: The volume of bone formed around HAP in parietal defect and biomechanical findings were lower in animals receiving FE compared to CT. CONCLUSION: Prolonged use of phenobarbital interferes with bone repair after injury, decreasing the osseointegration of HAP implants and making bones less resistant.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar los efectos morfológicos del tratamiento con fenobarbital, sobre la neoformación ósea y sobre la biomecánica ósea del hueso de ratas Wistar. MÉTODOS: Fueron utilizadas diez ratas divididas en dos grupos: control (CT) y fenobarbital (FE). El grupo FE recibió dosis diarias de fenobarbital 0,035 ml/kg vía intramuscular, por 60 días. El grupo CT recibió la misma dosis y vía de administración de solución fisiológica 0,9 por ciento. Después de 30 días, se realizó una falla ósea en el hueso parietal e implantó la hidroxiapatita porosa (HAP) en cavidades en las tibias. Después de las cirugías, se mantuvo los respectivos protocolos hasta completar 60 días y de ser eutanasiados, siendo recolectados los huesos. RESULTADOS: El volumen de hueso formado alrededor HAP en la falla parietal y los hallazgos biomecánicos fueron menores en los animales del grupo FE en relación al CT. CONCLUSIÓN: El uso prolongado del fenobarbital interfiere en la reparación ósea después de lesiones, disminuye la óseointegración de implantes de HAP y vuelve a los huesos menos resistentes.