Comparison Of Intravenous Tramadol And Intravenous Clonidine On Post Spinal Anaesthesia Shivering

NTRODUCTION:-Postanesthesiashiveringisvery unpleasant, uncomfortable to the patient as well as to the operating room personnel. It isspontaneous, involuntary, rhythmic, tremor- kemusclehyperactivitythatincreasesmetabolicheatproductionupto600%aftergeneralorregionalanesthesia.Therearevariousmethodsavailabletocontrolshiveringduringanaesthesia, whichincludenon-pharmacologicalmethodsandpharmacologicalmethodsusingdrugswhichhaveanti-shiveringproperties.WeconductedthisrandomisedstudytocomparetherelativeefficacyofTramadolandClonidineforcontrolofintraoperativeshiveringunderspinalanaesthesia.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:-Thepresentstudyisundertakentoclinicallycomparetheefficacy, haemodynamiceffects, complicationsandsideeffectsofClonidine&Tramadoloncontrolofpostspinalshivering.MATERIAL AND METHOD:-After obtaining written and informed consent, Weconductedarandomisedstudyin60patients (30 in each group)and comparedtheefficacyofTramadolandClonidineforcontrollingpostspinalshivering.Patients were given injection Tramadol(GroupT–I.V Tramadol1mg/kg)or injection Clonidine(GroupCI.V Clonidine1mcg/kg)when shivering of grade 2 to 4 was noted which lasted for minimum period of 2 minutes after institution of subarachnoid block.CONCLUSION:-BothTramadolandClonidineeffectivelytreatedpatientswithpostspinalshivering, buttimetakenforcompletecessationofshiveringwasearlierinTramadol. From our study we conclude that, I.VTramadol is a better alternative than I.VClonidine in treatment of postspinal anesthesia shivering with prophylactic administration of Ondansetron 4mg I.V to prevent nausea and vomiting.

Treatment of severely mutilated incisors: a challenge to the pedodontist.

Dental caries is the single most common chronic childhood disease. In early childhood caries, there is early carious involvement and gross destruction of the maxillary anterior teeth. This leads to difficulty in speech, decreased masticatory efficiency, development of abnormal tongue habits and subsequent malocclusion and psychological problems if esthetics are compromised. The restoration of severely decayed primary incisors is often a difficult procedure that presents a special challenge to pediatric dentists. This case report documents the restoration of severely mutilated lateral incisors in a patient with early childhood caries.