ABSTRACT
We examined the impact of censored data on estimates of heritability of longevity. Longevity, defined as the length of productive racing life of an individual, is influenced by many factors. A simulated data set, modelled on the Irish Thoroughbred industry, was used to estimate heritabilities of longevity. Several scenarios representing various levels of censoring of performance data were created. The heritability of longevity was estimated for each scenario and compared to the estimated heritability of 0.120 for the complete data set. It was found that the estimates of heritability (0.107, 0.106, 0.082) were biased downwards with (10, 20, and 25%, respectively) censoring of data from poor-performing animals. We found that for a complete reporting it is necessary to reduce bias in the estimation of heritability of longevity.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Quantitative Trait, Heritable , Horses/genetics , Longevity/genetics , Breeding , Genetic Variation , Algorithms , Running/physiology , Time Factors , Phenotype , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Models, GeneticABSTRACT
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in sheep, Ovar-Mhc, is poorly characterised, when compared to other domestic animals. However, its basic structure is similar to that of other mammals, comprising class I, II and III regions. Currently, there is evidence for the existence of four class I loci. The class II region is better characterised, with evidence of one DRA, four DRB (one coding and three non-coding), one DQA1, two DQA2, and one each of the DQB1, DQB2, DNA, DOB, DYA, DYB, DMA, and DMB genes in the region. The class III region is the least characterised, with the known presence of complement cascade (C4, C2 and Bf), TNFalpha and CYP21 genes. Products of the class I and II genes, MHC molecules, play a pivotal role in antigen presentation required for eliciting immune responses against invading pathogens. Several studies have focused on polymorphisms of Ovar-Mhc genes and their association with disease resistance. However, more research emphasis is needed on characterising the remaining Ovar-Mhc genes and developing simplified and cost-effective methods to score gene polymorphisms. Haplotype screening, employing multiple markers rather than single genes, would be more meaningful in MHC-disease association studies, as it is well known that most of the MHC loci are tightly linked, exhibiting very little recombination. This review summarises the current knowledge of the structure of Ovar-Mhc and polymorphisms of genes located in the complex.