ABSTRACT
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer of women worldwide. Early diagnosis of it has a very important role in its management. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a key to the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 females of Jaipur city. This study was conducted by a house-to-house survey through a systematic random sampling technique in the field practice area of the Urban Health Training Centre (UHTC) of SMS medical college, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India. A predesigned semi-structured questionnaire containing predesigned questions regarding knowledge and practice of BSE was used to collect data. A Chi-square test was used to find out associations. Results: Only 18% of females were aware of BSE and 5.7% of the females were practicing BSE. Health professionals (31.03%) were the main source of knowledge. Only 50% of females who have heard the name of BSE, knew that it is performed by self. Awareness and practice of BSE both were found to be associated with religion, education, socioeconomic status, and occupation and there was no association with age and marital status. Females with higher education and socioeconomic status were more aware of BSE. The most common (94.69%) reason for not practicing BSE was the lack of awareness of steps followed by ‘find it unnecessary’. Conclusion: As knowledge and practice of BSE were observed very poor and considering the important role that can be played by BSE in the early diagnosis and management of breast cancer, there is an urgent need to implement and reinforce BSE in the existing cancer awareness and screening programs. IEC activities regarding BSE also motivated proper knowledge of BSE.
ABSTRACT
Background: Menstruation is a normal physiological process to the females but sometimes it is considered as unclean phenomenon in the society. Hence this community based study was carried out with the objective to assess the difference in level of knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene among school going adolescent girls of government and private school.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2017 to April 2018 to find out the difference in prevailing knowledge and practices regarding menstrual hygiene between private and government school going adolescent girls of Jaipur city. Data were collected by the predesigned and pretested structured questionnaire.Results: 87.57% girls from private schools were aware of menstruation prior to attainment of menarche. The difference in knowledge regarding menstruation in students of private and government school was significant. More than three fourth of the participants (76.95%) were from private school use sanitary pad.Conclusions: Knowledge and practice regarding menstruation was better in private school girls as compared to those of government school. Significantly more number of girls in the private schools was using sanitary pads as compared to government school girls.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Rabies is an infectious viral disease that isalmost always fatal. It is present on all continents, exceptAntarctica, with over 95% of human deaths occurring in theAsia and Africa regions. Treating a rabies exposure, wherethe average cost of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) isUS$ 40 in Africa, and US$ 49 in Asia, can be a catastrophicfinancial burden on affected families whose average dailyincome is around US$ 1–2 per person. Study was conductedwith the objectives to analyse the direct and indirect out ofpocket expenditure of the post exposure prophylaxis ofanimal bites in spite of free supply of anti-rabies vaccine andimmunoglobulin.Material and methods: A cross sectional observational studywas carried out at Anti Rabies Clinic, SMS Hospital Jaipur,Rajasthan from October 2018 to March 2019 to know out ofpocket expenditure of animal bite patients and its determinants.Prior approval from institutional ethics committee andinformed consent were taken and a pre-designed, pre-testedproforma was filled from the persons attending anti rabiesclinic on last visit of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Apartfrom socio-demographic details, information about director indirect out of pocket expenditure due to animal bite wasrecorded and analysis was done using chi square test, ANOVAtest, ‘t’-test and univariate and multivariate regression.Results: Total out of pocket expenditure by 81 studied patientswas Rs. 53201.00, out of which 91.69% i.e. Rs. 48780.00 wereindirect expenses and 5.04% i.e. Rs. 2681.00 was expenditureon medical and surgical management including registrationand consumables. Only 3.27% i.e. Rs. 1740.00 was on postexposure anti-rabies prophylaxis of 81 patients. Mean out ofpocket expenditure was Rs. 656.80±1387.76 ranging from Rs.0.00 to Rs. 8550.00 per patient with median of Rs. 290.00.Conclusion: Despite free supply of anti-rabies vaccine andanti-rabies serum under Mukhyamantri Nishulk Dava Yojna(MNDY) the indirect out of pocket expenditure in animal bitetreatment is still high, which should draw attention for policymakers.
ABSTRACT
There is a large amount of evidence that the ABO blood group system may play a role in disease etiology. However, in relation to breast cancer, these findings are inconsistent and contradictory. Present study was conducted for analysis to access ABO blood groups potential role of in breast carcinoma. The study was conducted on 206 clinically diagnosed breast cancer patients from Radiotherapy Department of Mathura Das Mathur Hospital in Jodhpur, from September 2006 to December 2007. The standard agglutination test was used to determine the blood groups. Association of ABO blood groups and risk of breast cancers was found out with Odd Ratios (ORs) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). In reference of proportion of breast cancer in blood group AB [OR 1 with 95% CI 0.476 to 2.103), the breast carcinoma in blood group A [OR 7.444 with 95% CI 4.098 to 13.5222) was found at 7.4 times at higher risk than in blood group ‘AB’. Breast cancer was found minimum in blood group ‘AB’ and maximum in blood group ‘A’.
ABSTRACT
Background: The knowledge of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) is a basic requirement to understand the respiratory physiology for all medical physiologists and clinicians Pulmonary Function Tests provide objective evidence of nature and severity of lung disease. Objective: To observe FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio in healthy male and female school children from 7-14 years of age in Western Rajasthan and to find out the relationship of FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio with their height, weight, BSA and sex Methods: The present study was carried out on 112 male and 76 female children of 7-14 years. For Pulmonary Function Tests, FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC along with anthropometric data of each subject was recorded.. Data were analyzed by unpaired t test, Pearson correlation coefficient test, simple and multiple regression analysis. Results: FVC and FEV1 values were found significantly (p<0.001) higher in male than those of female. Significant positive correlation of FVC and FEV1 whereas non significant negative correlation of FEV1/FVC were observed with age, height, weight, body surface area in all children. Conclusion: As the weight, age, height and BSA of subjects increases, FEV1 and FVC increases while FEV1/FVC ratio decreases in both the sexes.