Pattern of lymphadenopathy in fine needle aspiration cytology: a retrospective study.

Background: Lymphadenopathy is of great clinical significance as underlying disease may range from treatable infectious etiology to malignant neoplasm. In fact it is also essential to establish that swelling in question is lymph node. Incidence of lymphadenopathy appears to be increasing especially among young adults all over the world. Inflammatory and immune reaction are most frequent cause of lymph node enlargement and are self limiting in majority of cases. Lymphnode are also affected as a result of primary neoplasm or from metastasis of malignant neoplasm from regional and distant organ. Aims: Study different cytomorphological patterns associated with various lymphadenopathy and spectrum of lesion with respect to age and sex. Methods: A total of 1774 cases came for FNAC of lymphnode in the Department of Pathology, MMC & RI, MYSORE from NOV 2011 to OCT 2014 were retrieved and studied retrospectively. Results: Out of total cases, 908 were males and 865 females with age range from 3mth to 90 years with maximum number of cases diagnosed with reactive lymphadenopathy (26.2%) followed by metastatic lymphadenopathy (21.2%), Non specific lymphadenitis (18.5%), granulomatous lymphadenitis (14.65%), tuberculous lymphadenitis (14.65%), suppurative lymphadenitis (3.94%) and lymphoma(0.73%). Conclusion: FNAC recognized as a diagnostic technique because of simplicity, cost effectiveness, easily availability of results, accuracy and minimal invasion. With the advent of FNAC most of inflammatory, reactive and neoplastic condition can be diagnosed without biopsy.

Extrarenal calyces: A rare anomaly of the renal collecting system.

The abnormalities of the renal collecting system represent a complex and often confusing subset of urological anomalies. They manifest in many ways and often make preoperative diagnosis difficult. Extrarenal calyces (wherein the calyces and renal pelvis lie outside the renal parenchyma) is one of the rare anomaly of the collecting system. This anomaly may be associated with other anomalies of the urogenital system. We describe in this case report an unusual case of extrarenal calyces with five long calyces draining a hydronephrotic kidney with associated ureteral atresia. Radiological investigations failed to clearly define these abnormalities. The present case helps in understanding the characteristics of a rare, complex anomaly of the urinary system.