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OBJECTIVE To explore the neural mechanisms underlying the speech perception in individuals with normal hearing under the influence of selective attention.METHODS There were 32 individuals with normal hearing who were recruited.By manipulating the participants'selective attention,two simultaneous speech streams were differentiated into target and interfering speech.Participants were guided to complete an auditory perception electroencephalogram(EEG)experiment.Fourier spectrum analysis was used to calculate the spectrum responses induced by the two types of speech,and the differences in EEG energy values at the levels of character,word,and phrase were compared.RESULTS This study observed significant differences in the EEG responses between target and ignored speech at the word level(2 Hz),while no significant differences were observed at the character level(4 Hz)and phrase level(1 Hz).CONCLUSION In environments with multiple speech streams,selective attention primarily processes and encodes the interested speech at the word level rapidly and effectively.This study preliminarily reveals how the brain represents auditory language and constructs different language hierarchy units under the modulation of selective attention,providing a theoretical model for hearing aid algorithms in hearing-impaired patients.
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Objective To study the application of CE-Chirp in the evaluation of hearing impairment in forensic medicine by testing the auditory brainstem response(ABR)in adults using CE-Chirp to ana-lyze the relationship between the V-wave response threshold of CE-Chirp ABR test and the pure tone hearing threshold.Methods Subjects(aged 20-77 with a total of 100 ears)who underwent CE-Chirp ABR test in Changzhou De'an Hospital from January 2018 to June 2019 were selected to obtain the V-wave response threshold,and pure tone air conduction hearing threshold tests were conducted at 0.5,1.0,2.0 and 4.0 kHz,respectively,to obtain pure tone listening threshold.The differences and statistical differences between the average pure tone hearing threshold and V-wave response threshold were compared in different hearing levels and different age groups.The correlation,differences and statistical differences between the two tests at each frequency were analyzed for all subjects.The lin-ear regression equation for estimating pure tone hearing threshold for all subjects CE-Chirp ABR V-wave response threshold was established,and the feasibility of the equation was tested.Results There was no statistical significance in the CE-Chirp ABR response threshold and pure tone hearing threshold dif-ference between different hearing level groups and different age groups(P>0.05).There was a good correlation between adult CE-Chirp ABR V-wave response threshold and pure tone hearing threshold with statistical significance(P<0.05),and linear regression analysis showed a significant linear correla-tion between the two(P<0.05).Conclusion The use of CE-Chirp ABR V-wave response threshold can be used to evaluate subjects'pure tone hearing threshold under certain conditions,and can be used as an audiological test method for forensic hearing impairment assessment.
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Objective To observe the value of ultrasound vector flow imaging(VFI)combined with singular value decomposition(SVD)filtering for depicting deep microvasculature flow velocity of liver.Methods Grayscale ultrasound,CDFI and contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)were prospectively performed in a patient with suspected liver hemangioma.Images of CEUS were dealt with SVD filtering.Cross-correlation algorithm was used to obtain images of VFI based on grayscale ultrasound,original CEUS and SVD filtered CEUS,respectively,and the ability of the above images for depicting liver microvascular flow direction and velocity were compared.Results The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of liver grayscale ultrasound,original CEUS and SVD filtered CEUS images was 7.56,17.65 and 22.43 dB,respectively,while their contrast-to-issue ratio(CTR)was 1.12,7.56 and 16.34 dB,respectively.Compared with VFI based on grayscale ultrasound and original CEUS,VFI based on SVD filtered CEUS could display faster velocity and more uniform direction of blood flow.Before and after SVD filtering,liver microvascular flow velocity measured with VFI was 1.91(0.81,4.11)and 6.83(4.25,9.41)mm/s,respectively,which were significantly different(Z=-10.671,P＜0.001).Conclusion Combined with SVD filtering could significantly improve the efficiency of VFI for depicting liver deep microvasculature flow velocity.
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ObjectiveTo identify the rate， population characteristics， and vaccination history of repeat infections among previously infected people in the current epidemic based on the rate of repeat infection and population characteristics of different mutant strains at different times in Pudong New Area of Shanghai， and to provide reference for the prevention and control strategies of novel coronavirus repeat infections. MethodsA total of 9 250 investigated subjects were randomly selected from the new cases of asymptomatic infection and confirmed cases reported by Pudong New Area from March to May 2022. The investigation mainly focused on demographic characteristics， nucleic acid or antigen test results， and symptoms after infection. The repeat infection rates among different populations were compared， and logistic regression was used to analyze the impact of gender， age， and vaccination status on repeat infections. ResultsThe survey sample of 9 250 people had a response rate of 81.85%. There were 4 043 males （53.40%） and 3 528 females （46.60%）， with a median age of 34 years old （P25， P75： 7， 61）. The overall vaccine uptake rate was 59.44% （4 500/7 571）. In December of 2022， there were 563 cases of repeat infection， with an infection rate of 7.44%. The lowest rate of repeat infection was seen in the 3‒ year-old group （2.86%） and the highest rate in the 30‒ year-old group （12.42%）， with significant differences between different age groups. The repeated infection rate for those who had completed their vaccinations was significantly lower （6.57%） compared to those who had not （7.11%）. The age groups of 3‒ years， 70‒79 years， as well as individuals who completed full vaccination and received booster shots were protective factors against repeat infections. ConclusionThe overall rate of reinfection among the infected in Shanghai during the spring of 2022 was low in the outbreak of the Omicron variant， and the rate of reinfection in the 3‒ year-old group was significantly lower than in other age groups. Completing the full course of vaccination significantly reduces the risk of reinfection. Although the reinfection rate is high in individuals who received booster shots， it remains a mitigating factor compared to those who do not receive the vaccine. It is recommended to continue monitoring reinfections in key populations and further strengthen immunization efforts.
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The green fluorescent reporter gene was inserted into the gene interval of polymyxin resistant mcr-1-carrying plasmid (pSH13G841) by homologous recombination of suicide plasmid. At the same time, E. coli J53 with red fluorescent reporter gene was constructed. Using the ability of spontaneous conjugation of drug resistant plasmid (pSH13G841), pSH13G841-GFP plasmid was transferred into J53 RFP bacteria to construct a double fluorescent labeled donor bacterium. The two light-emitting systems could stably and spontaneously express fluorescence without mutual interference. The dual fluorescence report system constructed can be used for visual tracing horizontal transfer of mcr-1-carrying plasmid, the subsequent model can study the colonization, transfer and prognosis of drug-resistant bacteria/drug-resistant genes mcr-1 by using mouse in vivo imaging technology.
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Objective:To study influence of exercise rehabilitation based on medical treatment combination model on patients with chronic heart failure(CHF).Methods:A total of 110 CHF patients treated in our hospital were ran-domly and equally divided into routine nursing group and exercise rehabilitation group(received exercise rehabilita-tion on the basis of medical treatment combination model based on routine nursing group).Both groups were inter-vened for 12 week.s Peak oxygen uptake(Peak VO2),Peak work rate(Peak WR),anaerobic threshold(AT),ratio of peak VO2 to heart rate(Peak VO2/HR),score of Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire(MLHFQ)and 6min walking distance(6MWD)before and after intervention and incidence rate of major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE)were compared between two groups.Results:There were three cases lost during intervention in each group.Compared with routine nursing group,after intervention,there were significant rise in Peak VO2[(13.92±0.88)ml·min-1·kg-1 vs.(16.00±0.84)ml·min-1·kg-1],Peak VO2/HR[(8.92±0.81)ml/beat vs.(9.83±0.79)ml/beat],AT[(684.10±74.11)ml/min vs.(827.38±98.56)ml/min]and 6MWD[(470.12±42.76)m vs.(502.21±26.54)m],and sig-nificant reductions in Peak WR[(79.85±6.10)W vs.(72.65±5.48)W]and MLHFQ score[(49.17±3.96)scores vs.(36.38±3.57)scores]in exercise rehabilitation group(P=0.001 all).Incidence rate of MACE in exercise rehabili-tation group was significantly lower than that of routine nursing group(0.36%vs.15.38%,P=0.046).Conclusion:Ex-ercise rehabilitation based on medical treatment combination model can significantly improve cardiopulmonary function and exercise endurance,reduce incidence rate of adverse cardiovascular events and improve short-term quality of life in pa-tients with chronic heart failure.
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Sclerostin, a protein secreted from osteocytes, negatively regulates the WNT signaling pathway by binding to the LRP5/6 co-receptors and further inhibits bone formation and promotes bone resorption. Sclerostin contributes to musculoskeletal system-related diseases, making it a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of WNT-related bone diseases. Additionally, emerging evidence indicates that sclerostin contributes to the development of cancers, obesity, and diabetes, suggesting that it may be a promising therapeutic target for these diseases. Notably, cardiovascular diseases are related to the protective role of sclerostin. In this review, we summarize three distinct types of inhibitors targeting sclerostin, monoclonal antibodies, aptamers, and small-molecule inhibitors, from which monoclonal antibodies have been developed. As the first-in-class sclerostin inhibitor approved by the U.S. FDA, the monoclonal antibody romosozumab has demonstrated excellent effectiveness in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis; however, it conferred high cardiovascular risk in clinical trials. Furthermore, romosozumab could only be administered by injection, which may cause compliance issues for patients who prefer oral therapy. Considering these above safety and compliance concerns, we therefore present relevant discussion and offer perspectives on the development of next-generation sclerostin inhibitors by following several ways, such as concomitant medication, artificial intelligence-based strategy, druggable modification, and bispecific inhibitors strategy.
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Since its founding 100 years ago, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has attached great importance to the occupational health of workers, and closely linked the safeguard of occupational safety and health of workers with the missions of leading the people to stand up, get rich, and become strong. Based on this, the achievements of occupational health work made under the leadership of the CPC since the new democratic revolution, socialist revolution and construction, the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, and socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era were summarized, so as to provide reference for understanding the legacy of China's occupational health undertaking, and innovating to create the future.
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Objective: To study the therapeutic effect of Huoxue Tongluo Decoction (HXTLD) on erectile dysfunction caused by ischemic stroke and identify the mechanisms involved. Methods: Network pharmacology was used to predict the key active ingredients and targets of HXTLD. Surgical methods were used to create a rat model of ischemic stroke. The rats were then given a suspension of HXTLD by ig administration. Erectile function was evaluated by Apomorphine (APO) induction. Real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of related mRNAs and proteins in rat penile corpus cavernous tissue and brain tissue. Hematoxylin & Eosin (HE) staining was used to investigate structural changes in the penile cavernous tissue. Results: Network pharmacology showed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF), nitric oxide synthase 3 (eNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were the key targets of HXTLD in the treatment of erectile dysfunction caused by ischemic stroke. Experimental studies showed that HXTLD improved erectile dysfunction caused by ischemic stroke. HE results showed that HXTLD improved the structure of the corpus cavernosa. HXTLD also inhibited the expression of TNF and VEGF proteins in penile tissue (P < 0.05) and enhanced the expression of eNOS protein in penile tissue (P < 0.05). Conclusion: HXTLD improved the erectile function of rats with erectile dysfunction caused by ischemic stroke by regulating the mRNA and protein levels of TNF, eNOS and VEGF.
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Over the past 30 years, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Candida, Hansenula and other non-conventional yeasts have attracted wide attention because of their desirable phenotypes, such as rapid growth, capability of utilizing multiple substrates, and stress tolerance. A variety of synthetic biology tools are being developed for exploitation of their unique phenotypes, making them potential cell factories for the production of recombinant proteins and renewable bio-based chemicals. This review summarizes the gene editing tools and the metabolic engineering strategies recently developed for non-conventional yeasts. Moreover, the challenges and future perspectives for developing non-conventional yeasts into efficient cell factories for the production of useful products through metabolic engineering are discussed.
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Gene Editing , Metabolic Engineering , Pichia/genetics , Synthetic Biology , Yarrowia/genetics , YeastsABSTRACT
Biological complexity and the need for personalized medicine means that biomarker development has become increasingly challenging. Thus, new paradigms for research need to be created that bring together a different classifier of individuals. One potential solution is collaboration between biomarker development and Chinese medicine pattern classification. In this article, two examples of rheumatoid arthritis are discussed, including a new biomarker candidate casein kinase 2 interacting protein 1 (CKIP-1) and a micro RNA 214. The authors obtained a "snapshot" of pattern classification with disease in biomarker identification. Bioinformatics analyses revealed underlying biological functions of two biomarker candidates, in varying degrees, are correlated with Chinese medicine pattern of rheumatoid arthritis. The authors' initial attempt can provide a new window for studying the win-win potential correlation between the biomarkers and pattern classification in Chinese medicine.
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To evaluate whether midlife consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), including juices and soft drinks, were associated with late-life cognitive impairment in Chinese adults. Follow up was conducted for participants from Singapore Chinese Health Study, a population-based prospective cohort, for 16-23 (mean 20) years. The information about their SSBs consumption were collected at baseline survey from 1993 to 1998 by using a validated food frequency questionnaire and their cognition status were evaluated by using a Singapore-modified Mini-Mental State Examination Scale in the 3(rd) follow-up visit during 2014- 2016. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the and 95s. A total of 16 948 participants were included in the analysis and 2 443 of them were identified as cognitive impairment using education-specific cutoffs. Sex, age, ancestral home, education level, physical activity level, total diet fiber intake level, BMI, alcohol drinking were significantly associated with cognitive impairment (0.05). Compared with those who never or hardly ever drank soft drinks, no significant differences in cognitive impairment risk were observed for those who drank soft drinks 2 or more times a week (=0.91, 95: 0.77-1.08), those who drank 1 time a week (=1.00, 95:0.82-1.23) and those who drank 1-3 times a month (=0.94, 95: 0.80-1.09) (trend =0.306). Compared with those who never or hardly ever drank juices, no significant differences in cognitive impairment risk were observed for those who drank juices 2 or more times a week (=1.03, 95:0.88-1.20), those who drank 1 time a week (=0.96, 95: 0.82-1.12) and those who drank 1-3 times a month (=0.94, 95: 0.82-1.08) (trend =0.930). No significant interactions were found with age, sex, and BMI status. SSBs consumption in midlife was not significantly associated with risk of late-life cognitive impairment in Singaporean Chinese adults with relatively low consumption levels. Further researches are needed to verify the results.
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Objective:To observe the effect of melodic intonation therapy combined with speech training on nonfluent aphasia after stroke, and the changes of brain function. Methods:From March, 2017 to August, 2019, 40 patients with nonfluent aphasia after stroke were randomly divided into control group (n = 20) and intensive group (n = 20). Both groups accepted routine speech training, and the intensive group accepted melodic intonation therapy in addition. They were assessed with China Rehabilitation Research Center Chinese Standard Aphasia Examination before and four weeks after treatment. Three patients from each group were examined with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to observe the changes of regional homogeneity (ReHo) of cerebral hemisphere. Results:The scores of comprehension (noun, verb and sentence), repetition (noun and verb), read (noun) and naming (verb) increased in the control group (t > 2.221, P < 0.05), while it increased in comprehension (noun, verb and sentence), repetition (noun, verb and sentence), reading (noun and verb) and naming (noun and verb) in the intensive group (t > 2.179, P < 0.05). The scores of repetition (noun and verb) increased more in the intensive group than in the control group (t > 2.299, P < 0.05)， and the scores of reading (sentence) increased somehow. The ReHo in left cerebellum and temporal occipital area increased and the ReHo in bilateral frontal and temporal cortex decreased after treatment. Conclusion:Melodic intonation therapy based on speech therapy can promote the recovery of speech function for patients with nonfluent aphasia after stroke, especially in sentence reading and words repetition. The changes of the ReHo in resting state may associate with the neurological repairment after brain injury.
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OBJECTIVE: To prepare siRNA/HDL modified Dox/micelle multimeric polymer(siRNA/HDL-Dox/micelle) by using HDL as a siRNA carrier and a targeting ligand and to realize the effective co-delivery of siRNA and antitumor drug. METHODS: HDL was incubated with chol-siRNA to prepare siRNA/LDL complex, then coupled with Dox/micelle to form siRNA/HDL modified Dox/micelle multimeric polymer (siRNA/HDL-Dox/micelle). The particle size and stability were investigated in different medium. HepG2/ADM with P-glycoprotein(P-gp) over-expressed were used to study the cell uptake, sub-cellular localization and anti-tumor efficacy in vitro. The ability of siRNA to silence target genes at mRNA and protein level was examined by RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS: HDL exhibited an efficient binding ability for siRNA and protected siRNA from RNase. The size and surface morphology of siRNA/HDL-Dox/micelle confirmed by TEM showed that most of the micelles were compact and spherical, exhibited a narrow size distribution and good dispersion. The particle size and Zeta potential increased with increasing incubation time in pH 5.3 PBS. The siRNA was efficiently delivered into the cells by encapsulation into HDL, and the expression of P-gp is effectively down-regulated at the mRNA level and the protein level, thereby increasing the accumulation of intracellular Dox and enhancing the antitumor activity. CONCLUSION: siRNA/HDL-Dox/micelle could effectively deliver siRNA and Dox into tumor cells, thereby exerting gene silencing, reversing tumor drug resistance and enhancing anti-tumor effect.
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Objective To understand the distribution characteristics of death causes and potential life loss of residents in Pudong New Area from 2009 to 2018, assess the disease burden caused by different diseases, and provide a basis for formulating regional prevention and control strategies. Methods The mortality data of residents in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from 2009 to 2018 were collected. The death causes were classified by International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). The crude mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, potential years of life lost (PYLL), potential years of life lost rate (PYLLR), and average years of life lost (AYLL) were calculated. Results The crude mortality and standardized mortality of residents in Pudong New Area between 2009 and 2018 were 7.55‰ and 3.65‰, respectively. The top five causes of death in Pudong New Area residents were circulatory system diseases, tumors, respiratory diseases, endocrine nutrition and metabolic diseases, and injury and poisoning, accounting for 87.85% of the total deaths. The PYLL was 687 729 person-years, the PYLLR was 24.11‰ and the AYLL was 3.19 years per person. The top 5 causes of life loss of residents in Pudong New Area was tumor, circulatory system disease, injury and poisoning, endocrine nutrition and metabolism illness, and congenital anomalies, accounting for 82.08% of total life loss of residents. Conclusion Chronic non-infectious diseases, including circulatory diseases, tumors, and endocrine nutritional metabolism diseases, were the main causes of death of residents in Pudong New Area, and caused a heavy disease burden, which should be the focus of prevention and control in the future. Comprehensive preventive and control measures should be taken to protect the residents from the harm due to chronic non-communicable diseases and improve the health condition of the residents in Pudong New Area.
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@#Retinal degenerative disease can lead to decreased vision, which is a blinding ophthalmopathy caused by irreversible damage or apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells or photoreceptor cells, often resulting in visual impairment or even blindness. Human embryonic stem cells(hESCs)are a kind of multi-directional differentiation cells. By appropriate methods, hESCs can be differentiated into various retinal cells. Since human PRE cells cannot be regenerated, studies have shown that the clinical treatment of retinopathy with stem cell derived RPE cell transplantation has practical prospects and has made a breakthrough in recent years. Due to the limitations of multiple factors, the selection of methods and the complexity of induction conditions, the efficiency of induced differentiation of RPE and the survival rate after transplantation vary greatly and are unstable. Therefore, the current researches should focus on how to integrate different culture methods, take advantages and eliminate disadvantages, so as to improve the directed differentiation efficiency of hESCs, as well as the number and quality of induced cells, thus reducing culture pollution and immune rejection and so on. Here, we will summarize the current examples of various culture methods and give a review from different perspectives.
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Objective To summarize the general characteristics and identification considerations of appraisal of post-traumatic epilepsy （PTE） in forensic clinical expertise. Methods Descriptive statistics were made on the general situations （age and sex）, injury sites, PTE grading, clinical manifestations and blood drug concentrations of 30 cases of PTE. Chi-square test was performed on the differences of sex composition, age group incidences, injury sites, clinical manifestations and PTE grading. Fisher's exact probability method was used to test the differences in clinical manifestations and PTE grading of each site and the differences in PTE grading of different clinical manifestations. Results PTE occurred more frequently among 21 to 40 year olds, more in males than in females, and more frequently in the temporal lobe and frontal lobe. The clinical manifestations were mostly partial seizures and the PTE grading was mostly mild PTE. There were no statistical significance in the differences in distribution of clinical manifestations and PTE grading of injury sites （P>0.05）. The difference in the PTE grading of different clinical manifestations had no statistical significance （P>0.05）. The blood drug concentration of the three identified people did not reach the effective concentration, which affected the final identification opinion. Conclusion In the identification of PTE, in addition to strictly grasping the necessary factors of identification, such as the history of craniocerebral trauma, and epileptic seizures, it is also suggested that attention should be paid to the detection of blood drug concentration. Overall analysis and comprehensive evaluation should be made.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Craniocerebral Trauma , Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic , Incidence , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Objective@#To detect the expression of NRAGE protein in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and investigate the relationship between NRAGE and therapeutic effect of radiotherapy.@*Methods@#The expression level of NRAGE in 44 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and statistically analyzed along with clinical data by using multivariate analysis using Cox regression model.@*Results@#The overall expression level of NRAGE protein in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (P=0.025) and the expression level of NRAGE nuclear protein (P=0.008) were negatively correlated with short-term efficacy. In terms of the overall expression level of NRAGE protein, the 3-year survival rates in the strongly positive group and the positive weakly positive group were 16% and 36%(P=0.198). As for the expression of NRAGE nuclear protein, the 3-year survival rates in the strongly positive group and the positive+ weakly positive group were 0% and 41%(P<0.001). Multivariate analysis using Cox regression model demonstrated that as for the expression of NRAGE nuclear protein, the risk of death in the strongly positive group was significantly higher than those in the positive+ weakly positive group (P=0.002).@*Conclusion@#The overall expression level of NRAGE protein in the esophageal cancer is negatively correlated with the short-term efficacy of radiotherapy, whereas it is not correlated with long-term survival rate. The strongly positive expression level of NRAGE nuclear protein is negatively correlated with the short-term efficacy of radiotherapy and the long-term survival rate, prompting that NRAGE may be a molecular indicator for predicting radiation resistance and even the efficacy of radiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
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Objective@#To investigate the effects of interferon inducible protein 16 (IFI16), a cytosolic DNA sensor, on the expression of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines in adult HTLV-1-positive T cells.@*Methods@#IFI16 expression in different HTLV-1-positive T cell lines was detected by immunoblot assay. Specific siRNA targeting the IFI16 gene was constructed and the gene silencing efficiency was detected by immunoblot assay. Expression of HTLV-1 Tax protein at mRNA and protein levels was respectively detected by real-time PCR and immunoblot assay after knocking down the expression of IFI16 in HTLV-1-positive T cells with siRNA. Expression of interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Tax and Env were detected by real-time PCR.@*Results@#Compared with the HTLV-1-negative T cell line Jurkat, IFI16 expression was enhanced in the HTLV-1-positive T cell lines MT2, MT4 and C8166. Tax expression was increased, while that of IFN-α, IFN-γ and TNF-α was decreased in MT2 and MT4 cells after silencing the expression of IFI16 with siRNA.@*Conclusions@#IFI16 expression was increased in HTLV-1-positive MT2 and MT4 cells. Meanwhile, IFI16 promoted the production of interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression of HTLV-1 proteins.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the related factors effecting the teicoplanin concentration..METHODS: The patients′ information who accepted teicoplanin therapy and their plasma on the fourth day treatment were collected. The plasma was processed and detected by HPLC method. A multiple linear regression method was used to explore the relationship between the teicoplanin concentration and other factors. RESULTS: The result of multiple linear regression shows that the teicoplanin concentration relates with the creatine clearance and hypersensitive C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION: The teicoplanin treatment regimen could be altered by the level of patients′ creatine clearance and hypersensitive C-reactive protein in order to deliver a better individual treatment.