ABSTRACT
Plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance was first described in 2015, in China, in Escherichia coli carrying the mcr-1 (Mobile Colistin Resistance-1) gene. Since then, it has become a major public health challenge worldwide, representing a major threat to human and animal health. In addition, there are still few reports on the prevalence of mcr-1 in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from humans, animals and food. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the occurrence of the mcr-1 gene in bacterial isolates with phenotypic resistance to polymyxin B obtained from clinical specimens of companion animals. Phenotypic resistance to polymyxin B were determined by broth microdilution and the susceptibility profile to other antimicrobials (amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, aztreonam, cefazolin, cefepime, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, ertapenem, gentamicin, imipenem, marbofloxacin, meropenem, phosphomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, tetracycline, ticarcillin/clavulanate, tobramycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) by disc-diffusion agar method. The extraction of bacterial DNA was performed via heat shock followed by spectrophotometric evaluation. To verify the presence of mcr-1, the Polymerase Chain Reaction was employed using specific primers, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The positive isolates had the corresponding amplicons sequenced. In this study, there were identified the first isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. carrying the mcr-1 gene derived from specimens of companion animals in Brazil. Our results suggest the dissemination of resistance to polymyxins in the community and the environment, highlighting the need for surveillance and optimized treatment guidelines.(AU)
A resistência à polimixina mediada por plasmídeo teve sua primeira descrição em 2015, na China, em Escherichia coli portadora do gene mcr-1 (Mobile Colistin Resistance-1) e a partir de então tornou-se um grande desafio para a saúde pública em todo o mundo, constituindo uma grande ameaça à saúde humana e animal. Além disso, ainda existem poucos relatos sobre a prevalência de mcr-1 em Enterobacteriaceae isoladas de humanos, animais e alimentos. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo foi investigar a ocorrência do gene mcr-1 em isolados bacterianos com resistência fenotípica à polimixina B, oriundos de materiais clínicos de animais de companhia. A resistência fenotípica à polimixina B foi determinada por microdiluição em caldo e o perfil de sensibilidade aos demais antimicrobianos (amicacina, amoxicilina/clavulanato, ampicilina, ampicilina/sulbactam, aztreonam, cefazolina, cefepime, cefotaxima, cefoxitina, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, cloranfenicol, ciprofloxacina, doxiciclina, ertapenem, gentamicina, imipinem, marbofloxacino, meropenem, fosfomicina, piperacilina/tazobactam, tetraciclina, ticarcilina/clavulanato, tobramicina sulfametoxazol/trimetoprim) foram determinados pelo método disco difusão. A extração do DNA bacteriano foi realizada via choque térmico, seguido de avaliação espectrofotométrica. Para a verificação da presença do mcr-1 foi utilizada a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase com emprego de iniciadores específicos, seguida de eletroforese em gel de agarose. Os isolados positivos tiveram os correspondentes amplicons sequenciados. Nesse estudo foram identificados os primeiros isolados de Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. e Enterobacter spp. portadores do gene mcr-1 derivados de espécimes de animais de companhia no Brasil. Este estudo sugere a disseminação da resistência às polimixinas na comunidade e no meio ambiente, destacando a necessidade de vigilância e diretrizes otimizadas de tratamento.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Polymyxin B , Genes, MDR , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Enterobacteriaceae , CatsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Fungi of Pleurotus genus have attracted a great interest due to their medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antitumor. These properties are attributed mainly to polysaccharides synthesized by Pleurotus. This work aimed to study the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus in submerged culture, evaluating the influence of the initial concentration of substrate (20 and 40 g/L of glucose) and the pH (4 and 6) on kinetic parameters of production of biomass. The effectiveness of different doses (10, 30 and 50 mg/kg) of a mycelium polysaccharide fraction extracted from P. ostreatus in reducing Sarcoma 180 development in mice was also verified. In the range of this study, maximum concentration of mycelial biomass (about 12.8 g/L) was obtained using 40.0 g/L of glucose, at pH 4.0. The total biomass productivity (Px) was not significantly affected by substrate concentration and pH, reaching values of 0.034 g/L.h. Sarcoma 180 tumor weight was reduced in 74.1, 75.5 and 53.7% when 10, 30 and 50 mg/kg were administered, respectively. These results show the high antitumor potential of intracellular polysaccharide fraction of mycelial biomass of P. ostreatus, particularly at lower doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg.