[Effect of theory based education on blood sugar control in type-2 diabetic patients]

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of educational intervention based on a self-efficacy model and its effect on two constructs of self-efficacy and outcome expectations in order to promote self-care and glycemic control in patients with type II diabetes

Materials and Methods: This pretest-posttest with randomized control group study was conducted on 80 patients with type-2 diabetes. These patients were selected based on inclusion criteria and were randomly divided into the intervention and control groups [n=40 each]. The intervention group attended six sessions of group and face-to-face consultation sessions focused on self-efficacy and outcome expectation strategies. Data were collected through laboratory tests and questionnaires before and three and six months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21 and Independent T-test and ANOVA for repeated measures tests

Result: Three months after the intervention a significant increase occurred in intervention groups in self-efficacy, outcome expectations and self-care and these changes were statistically significant at 6 months after the intervention. Six months after the intervention a significant decrease in HbA1c was observed. After the intervention diet, physical activity and foot care improved significantly. No significant improvement occurred in self-monitoring of blood glucose and medication adherence

Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that educational interventions based on the self-efficacy model in six months is beneficial for diabetic patients. It seems that implementing these educational strategies can be effective for patients with diabetes and are recommended to be used in their education for metabolic control

Assessment of some predicting factors of self-efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes

Increasing patient empowerment in order to improve diabetes self-care plays an important role in disease control. One of the most important measures/steps in this field is promoting patients' self-efficacy which can lead to greater participation of the patient in treatment and prevention of serious complications in patients. The purpose of this study hence was to determine the predictors of self-efficacy for self-care behavior in patients with type II diabetes In order to plan educational interventions in health promotion strategies. This is a descriptive study conducted on 187 diabetic patients referred to Hazrat Ali diabetes clinic in Isfahan, using the convenience sampling method. Health literacy, self-efficacy and diabetes knowledge in patients were assessed by standard questionnaires i.e FCCHL, DMSES and DKQ respectively. The data collected was analyzed, using descriptive and inferential statistics by means of SPSS vr.17 software. There was a statistically significant association between functional, communicative, and critical, health literacy and diabetes knowledge with patient's self-efficacy for diabetes self-care. Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed that all of these factors had a linear and direct relationship with self-efficacy and the predictive power [R2] was equal to 0.37. Functional health literacy is a better predictor of self-efficacy for self-care behaviors in diabetic patients. Considering the importance of self-efficacy in educational interventions for improving diabetes self-care, well documented in various studies, raising patient levels of knowledge and health literacy as predictors affecting self-efficacy is imperative

[Effect of social support from husband on the control of risk factors for metabolic syndrome]

Metabolic syndrome, a combination of obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, low high-density cholesterol, and increased triglyceride levels, is now one of the most common diseases throughout the world. This study aimed to determine the effect of the husbands, social support on the control of risk factors for metabolic syndrome in women. In this clinical trial, 182 women with metabolic syndrome were systematic randomly divided into two, the experimental and the control groups. A self designed valid and reliable questionnaire on "perceived social support from husband" and a "24-hour dietary recall" questionnaire were used. Also, a data sheet used to record data on waist circumference, systolic [SBP] and diastolic blood pressure, [DBP] TG, HDL and FBS. After data collection, educational interventions were used, and 3 months after intervention, post-test results were collected. Mean scores of husband social support in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group. Also, after the intervention, significant decrease in macronutrient [fat and carbohydrate] intake was seen in the experimental group, compared to controls. Moreover, mean waist circumference [4.2 cm], triglycerides concentration [54.15 mg/dL, fasting blood sugar, 61.13 mg/dL;] SBP 7.42 mmHg and DBP 9.55 mmHg were decreased, and mean HDL increased to 5.87 mg/dL; all changes were significantly greater than the control group. Improvement in perceived social support from husband could contribute to following a healthy diet and consequently, may reduce the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in women

[Knowledge and practice among women about self-medication based on health belief model]

The majority of medicines are associated with some form of side effects due to high prevalence of self- medication in Iran .There is not any drug without side effects; the prevalence of self- medication in Iran's provinces is increasing. This study was done to determine the knowledge and practice among woman about self -medication based on health belief model. This cross- sectional study carried out on 385 women whom referred to health centers in Isfahan, Iran during 2008. Data were collected by a questionnaire including knowledge, practice and health belief model structures. The mean score of knowledge was 82.97 +/- 13.80 and means score of perceived susceptibility 72.48 +/- 17.11, severity 71.60 +/- 14.73, benefits 68.29 +/- 17.13 and barriers 61.64 +/- 19.67. 86% of women have done self-medication at least in one disease in 6 months earlier including: cold 225 [57.6%], headache 28 [53.7%] and anemia 51 [13.2%]. The main reasons for self -medication were previous experience and medicine accessibility .The main reasons to avoid self -medication was the side effects of medicine. Self-medication can be prevented thought increasing knowledge and education about severity of drug side effects

[Effect of nutrition education program on the recommended weight gain in during pregnancy application of health belief model: a randomized clinical trial]

Nutrition in pregnancy has an important role in fetus and mother health, and also in the pregnancy outcome. One of the significant changes related to nutrition is weight gain of pregnant women as one of the influencing indicators which is measured by Body Mass Index [BMI]. This study was conducted to determine nutritional education effect upon pregnancy weight gain in pregnant women on the basis of health belief model [HBM] in Gonabad, Iran. This is a quasi-experimental randomized and controlled study on 110 pregnant women referring to health centers in Gonabad, Iran. They were divided into experimental and control groups who participated in the study, in the year of 2009. The data of two groups were collected by reliable and valid questionnaires during the first part of pregnancy care in pre-test stage. Then, two educational sessions were held for the experimental group. Post test was done for both groups in the last stage of pregnancy care, and the data were analyzed by paired T, T independent, the correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-square. A p<0.05 was considered to be significant. No significant differences were found between the education, parity, abortion, jobs and the mean age of the two groups. After the intervention, the mean score of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, severity, threat, benefits and barriers and nutritional behavior in the experimental group, significantly changed in the control group [p<0.01]. Moreover, statistical analyses showed a significant difference between the two groups in gaining recommended weight in pregnancy. While 77.78% of the experimental group members achieved recommend MBI, just 32.29% of those in the control group had a gain in this criterion. This study proved that HBM application in nutritional education was successfully effective to gain recommended weight in pregnancy, so that increasing suitable weight gain reached maximum and un-standardized weight gain reached minimum in accordance with women BMI

[ effect of assertiveness training on students' academic anxiety]

Lower levels of academic anxiety can motivate the educational improvement but higher degrees can be a disturbance in concentration, attention, storage, recall and educational failure. Since it affects millions of students worldwide, the present study aimed to determine the effect of assertiveness training on reducing anxiety level in the pre-university students in Gonabad, Iran in 2008. In this randomized clinical trail, all pre-university students of Gonabad, Iran were invited to the study; and finally 89 students were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Data collection instruments included a 3-part questionnaire for recording demographic¡ academic anxiety and assertiveness [Rathus questionnaire with a validity of 0.83]. The intervention for the experimental group was a 5-session course of assertiveness training based on PRECEDE model and one session for parents and teachers to help support the intervention program. Post-test was given top both groups 8 weeks after the last training session. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS 16 using paired and independent t-test, chi-square and correlation coefficient. The results showed that anxiety levels and assertiveness in the target group were moderate to high [18.14 and 108 respectively]; a negative but significant relationship was found between these two factors [r =-0.69¡ p < 0.001]. Also, the anxiety levels of the study decreased significantly, so that their anxiety score lowered from 18.87 to 8.12 [P < 0.001]. On the one hand, decisiveness was observed to have increased significantly in the same group [from 107 to 159] [P < 0.001]. However, there was no significant difference between academic anxiety and assertiveness in the control group before and after the intervention. The results showed that training assertiveness was effective in reducing the anxiety in academic settings

[Attitude change toward child abuse after educating behavioral intention model to mothers referred to Falavarjan health homes in 2007-2008]

Parents' attitude toward parenting styles is one of the factors that affect how they treat their children. Through enhancing the knowledge, educational interventions can moderate such attitudes. Studying new health educational models is essential for improving the traditional ones. The purpose of this study was to assess mothers' attitude toward child abuse before and after educating the behavioral intention model. This was a quasi-experimental single group before and after study. The sample consisted of 45 mothers with a child abusive attitude randomly selected among the referees to one of the Falavarjan health homes. The Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory [AAPI] questionnaire was used to assess their attitude toward parenting style. Data was analyzed using t-paired test via SPSS soft ware. Comparison of pretest and post test scores using paired samples t test indicated statistically significant improvement in attitudes whole mean scores [p < 0.001]. The findings indicate that educating parents may change their attitude toward proper parenting style. Such educations may result in better parenting behaviors and fewer instances of child abuse and neglect

effect of educational programme based on Health Belief Model [HBM] on the foot care by type II diabetic patients

Diabetes a major threat fo public health today and deaths resulting from its later complications such as diabetic foot, have increased alarmingly, causing physical and emotional problems and disability for diabetic patients. The current strategy for prevention of diabetic foot prevention is health education. This study was conducted to assess effects of educational interventions based on the HBM model used in food care by type 2 diabtetic patients. This is an interventional study in which 108 type 2 diabetic patients attending the the Kermanshah diabetic centre participated. They were randomly divided into the case and control groups. For data collection by interview a questionnaire consisting of 59 questions arranged in 5 sections including the demographic HBM model parts [perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers] and also cues of action foot care at home [self-reporting] and the checklist section was used. Realibility and validity of this questionnaire was confirmed before the study. Educational interventions based on HBM model were implemented in three 60 minute-sessions after completion of questionnaires and the data was again collected after one month. Findings showed means for knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, mean grades were at average levels and whereas the foot care mean grade was below average. After intervention, however, the results demonstrated that knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, action and checklist mean grades in type 2 diabetic patients increased significantly in the case group. The findings of this study showed that foot care increased when knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, elevated. These study results confirm the effectiveness and influence of the use of the HBM model in foot care by type 2 diabetic patients

[ effect of oral health education based on health belief model in mothers who had 3-6 year old children on decreasing dental plaque index in Zanjan]

Background and Objective: high prevalence of dental disease in children is one of the essential reasons for oral health education. Use of right and correct educational pattern is a new way in health service field. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oral health education based on health belief model for preventing carries and dental plaque on mothers who had 3-6 year old children

Materials and Methods: this quasi-experimental research was carried out on 56 mothers who had 3-6 year old children [28 women in control group and 28 in experimental group] in No 1 health center of Zanjan. The training was based on health belief model and certain behavior goals for about 60 minutes in 3 sessions. Mothers' functions were evaluated based on helping to brush the children's teeth and the number of brushing at zero and one month after the intervention time points. Finally, dental plaque was assessed based on Navy dental plaque index. Data was collected once in the first stage [before the intervention] and then in the second stage [after the intervention]

Results: mean score of all parts of health belief model in experimental group after educational intervention compared to before the intervention was increased significantly and also the mean score of all parts of health belief model was significantly increased after the intervention in experimental group comparing to control group

Conclusion: the results of this survey showed that by increasing the score of health belief model parts; including perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers, the preventive actions of oral health is also increasing. Therefore, results of this survey confirm the efficacy of health belief model in education of oral health