ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Ceftriaxone is a cephalosporin derivative used in the treatment of respiratory infections and meningitis. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate ceftriaxone effects on sperm quantity, quality, damages and in vitro fertilization [IVF] in adult mice
Material and Methods: 40 adult male mice were randomly divided into 3 groups as following: control group received intraperitoneal normal saline every day; experimental groups 1 and 2 received 20 mg/kg/day and 50 mg/kg/day of ceftriaxone respectively through intraperitoneal route. Samples were obtained one week and 45 days after treatment Half of the animals in the test groups were analyzed after one week and the other half after 45 days. The sperm parameters including, sperm count, sperm viability, percentages of immature sperms, DNA damages, status of acrosomal enzymes, percentages of zygotes, two cell embryos and blastocysts were evaluated. Data were analyzed by repeated measure test. P<0.05 was considered significant
Results: Ceftriaxone caused a significant reduction [P<0.05] in the total number of the sperms, percentage of viable sperms, increased number of immature sperms and sperms with DNA damage. Use of ceftriaxone in the test groups led to decreased population of zygotes, two cell embryos, blastocysts and increased percentage of arrested embryos compared to the control group
Conclusion: Ceftriaxone decreased sperm fertility potential by affecting the quality and quantity of sperms in mice
ABSTRACT
Background and Purpose: It showed that antidepressants may reduce the abuse potential of opioid. In other hand, studies showed avena sativa has antidepressant and sedative properties. So the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Avena sativa on morphine withdrawal signs in male mice
Material and Methods: In this experimental study forty male NMRI mice [20-30 g] were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8: control groups received morphine and normal saline [10ml/kg] and other groups received ethanol [3%] and different doses of ethanolic extract of Avena sativa [50,100 and 200mg/kg] .Morphine dependency was induced using a four- day schedule method with 50, 50, 75 and 50 mg/kg dosing respectively. In fourth day 2 hours after single dose of morphine, naloxone was injected [5 mg /kg] and withdrawal signs were recorded with number of jumping and diarrhea, grooming, wet dog shake, teeth chattering, writing, climbing as scores of 0 to 3 during 30min.The data were expressed with one-way ANOVA for quantities and Mann-Whitney U test for qualities data's and they were analyzed with SPSS 15 and P values less than 0.05 were considered significant
Results: The present study findings showed that all doses of ethanolic extract_ of Avena sativa compared to control group, significantly and dose- dependently decrease the number of jumping in morphine dependent mice [56.12 +/- 6.46, 40.0 +/- 5.33 and 31.5 +/- 2.5 respectively]] P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively].Grooming and teeth chattering also decreased with all doses of extract [P<0.05]. Wet dog shakes, climbing and rearing significantly decreased only by high doses [200mg/kg] of extract. Diarrhea also decreased with 100 and 200 mg/kg of extract [P<0.05]
Conclusion: Findings of present study showed that hydroalcoholic extract of avena sativa attenuate morphine withdrawal signs .But, Further studies need to be carried out to better understanding of their mechanism
ABSTRACT
Background: Dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems play a critical role in expression of morphine-induced place conditioning, while vitamin C, released from glutamatergic neurons, modulates the synaptic action of dopamine and glutamate. This study investigated the effect of vitamin C on expression of morphineinduced place conditioning in male mice
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 96 male NMRI mice [20-30g] were randomly divided into 12 groups of 8: control groups received normal saline [10 ml/kg] and treatment groups received morphine [2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg] and vitamin C [1, 5, and 30 mg/kg] alone and with morphine. The study took place on six consecutive days, consisting of three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. In the first set, vitamin C alone were administered in conditioning and postconditioning phases to see if they induced conditioned place preference [CPP] or aversion [CPA]. In the second set, mice received vitamin C in postconditioning phase after conditioning with morphine
Results: Different doses of morphine [5 and 10 mg/kg, p<0.001] induced CPP [112.06 +/- 14.44 and 128.65 +/- 16.12 sec, respectively] compared to control group [?9.34 +/- 2.04 sec]. Different doses of vitamin C alone did not induce any significant CPP or CPA. However, coadministration of vitamin C [5 and 30 mg/kg; p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively] with morphine [5 mg/kg] significantly induced morphine-like CPP [80.4 +/- 9.61 and 56.45 +/- 13.52 sec, respectively]
Conclusion: Low doses of vitamin C induced morphine-like CPP probably by agonistic action on dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems. Therefore, this vitamin may be useful for controlling compulsive drug-seeking behavior in morphine addicts