ABSTRACT
Electroconvulsive therapy [ECT] is an effective treatment of major depression and other psychological disorders especially resistant to medical therapy. ECT has some side effects such as cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension. Myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident. Therefore, prevention or attenuation of these hyper dynamic responses could decrease or prevent side effects, though some medications have been used for hyper dynamic responses. In this study we assessed oral clonidine [one 0.2 versus drug] as premedication on the hemodynamic responses of ECT. This clinical trial was designed as: randomly, double blind and crossover study in which 37 patients of ASA class I and II were candidates for ECT in Bahm'an hospital of Zahedan, received one of the three regimens of treatment as: placebo,100 and 200flg of clonidine. We of course recorded heart rate [HR] and mean arterial pressure [MAP] before and after ECT. Anaesthetic method was the same for all patients and at the end we could compare the peak measured HR, and MAP with the baseline values. We found that oral clonidine could prevent tachycardia [P<0. 001] and partially prevent hypertension after ECT. However, convulsion time, spontaneous breathing and recovery time was equal for all three groups. Oral clonidine by easing stress and/or painful responses can stabilize hemodynamics status specially HR after ECT. Though, the drug had no significant effect on convulsion and recovery times whatsoever. Therefore, we would put forward usage of oral clonidine as premedication for ECT particularly in patients with decreased cardiac reserve
ABSTRACT
This study was designed to identify the cells involved in the healing of the parietal bone defects after implantation of octacalcium phosphate [OCP] combined with bone matrix gelatin [BMG]. Sixteen young male Sprague Dawley rats [5-6 weeks age] were used. A full thickness standardized trephine defects, 5mm in diameter, was made in the rat parietal bone and OCP combined with BMG [in 1/4 ratio] was implanted into the defect. No OCP/BMG particles were implanted in control group that was otherwise treated identically. Cellular identification was carried out on days 7th and 14th after implantation, by light and transmission electron microscopy. Ultrastractural identification of cells involved in the healing of the defects in experimental group on day 7th after implantation, showed full secretory chondroblasts and also showed the integration of newly formed matrix with the defect margins. On day 14th after implantation the results revealed the typical osteoblasts that are active in the defect margins. In experimental group, bone defects were healed through intramembranous ossification route