Is the early or delayed remote ischemic preconditioning the more effective from a microcirculatory and histological point of view in a rat model of partial liver ischemia-reperfusion?

Abstract Purpose: To compare early- and late-effect remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) by analysing the microcirculatory, hemodynamic and histological changes in partial liver ischemia-reperfusion of rats. Methods: 60-minute partial liver ischemia followed by 120-minute reperfusion was performed without (Control group, n=7) or with preconditioning. In RIPC groups a tourniquet was applied around the left thigh using 3 cycles of 10-minute ischemia/10-minute reperfusion, one (RIPC-1, n=7) or twenty-four hours (RIPC-24, n=7) before I/R. Hemodynamic and microcirculatory measurements were performed before and after ischemia and in 30th, 60th and 120th minute of reperfusion and histological examination at the end of reperfusion. Results: Blood pressure decreased in all groups followed by biphasic changes in Control group. In RIPC groups R120 values returned almost to normal. Heart rate increased in Control and RIPC-1 groups at R120, while RIPC-24 did not show significant changes. Microcirculation of non-ischemic liver stayed constant in Control and showed significant changes in RIPC-24 group, while in ischemic liver elevated by R120 in all groups. RIPC didn't reduce histological alterations. Conclusion: Considering the survival and the results, both remote ischemic preconditioning protocols had beneficial effect in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion, however the histopathological findings were controversial.

[Extra cranial carotid artery aneurysm: a case report]

Extracranial carotid artery aneurysm [ECAA] is extremely rare, accounting for only 0.4-4% of all peripheral artery aneurysms. Sir Astley Cooper is credited with the first successful operation for ECAA in 1808. These aneurysms are of interest because they have diverse etiologies and present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The symptoms of ECAAs vary according to their location, size, and etiology. The presentation of such aneurysms may vary from an asymptomatic mass in the neck to the development of a permanent neurological deficit as a consequence of micro emboli arising from within the aneurysmal sac. Although most carotid artery aneurysms are caused by atherosclerosis, other common causes include trauma and infection. Carotid artery aneurysms are usually diagnosed by means of ultrasonographic scanning. Additional diagnostic testing -by computed tomographic angiography, or magnetic resonance imaging- can lead to more accurate information on the aneurysm's size and its relationship to surrounding structures. We herein report an extra cranial carotid artery aneurysm detected in a 46 years old patient with complaint of neurologic Symptoms. Because aneurysm located in the distal ICA, the treatment involved stent graft deployment. There has been no complications noted during the 10 months follow up after treatment. Extra Cranial Carotid Artery Aneurysm is a rare condition and has high rate of complication with conservative approach