Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates from sputum samples of admitted patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Tripura: a hospital record-based study

Background: Antibiotics are frequently used for various infectious diseases e.g., acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI). But, injudicious use of antibiotics often leads to antibiotic resistance which is an emerging problem. The objective of this study was taken up to analyse the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of pathogens isolated from the sputum samples of admitted patients suffering from ALRTI in a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: It is a hospital record-based study with a sample size of 393.Results: Klebsiella (52.16%) was the most common organism followed by Acinetobacter (13.49%) and Pseudomonas (13.23%) isolated from the sputum sample. Imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam combination and gentamicin was sensitive against Klebsiella and Pseudomonas and the association were statistically significant. Acinetobacter was resistant to ceftriaxone.Conclusions: The commonest pathogens isolated from the sputum samples were Klebsiella followed by Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas. Imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam combination and gentamicin was sensitive against Klebsiella and Pseudomonas.

Pattern of Adverse Drug Reactions of Antimicrobial Agents in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital of Tripura: A Prospective Study

Introduction: ADR monitoring and reporting activity is in itsinfancy in India. India rates below 1% in pharmacovigilanceas against the world rate of 5%. India is the fourth largestproducer of pharmaceuticals in the world. So there is animmense need to improve the pharmacovigilance system toprotect the Indian population. This study is aimed to identifyADRs of antimicrobial agents and assess their pattern.Material and methods: The reports of ADRs were recordedas per the standard guidelines fixed by pharmacovigilanceprogramme of India (PvPI). Naranjo ADR probability scalewas used to assess the causality of suspected ADRs. Severityof ADRs was identified using modified Hartwig's criteria.Types of ADRs were identified using Rawlins and Thompsonclassification.Results: A total 84 ADRs were reported from 70 patients.Out of 84 ADRs, the most were related to gastrointestinalsystem (45.23%), followed by skin and appendages disorders(36.90%). Of 70 patients 56 had one ADR, 14 suffered fromtwo ADRs, and none suffered from more than two ADRs.Based on modified Hartwig severity scale, 85.71% reactionswere mild, 12.86% were moderate and 1.43% were severe.Conclusions: The present study shows ADRs are commonlyencountered at this tertiary health care set up. Many ADRs arelife threatening type B reactions, but the higher incidence oftype A reactions means that these can be avoided.

Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates from urine samples of admitted patients with urinary tract infection in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Tripura, India: a hospital record based study

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) being one of the most common and a serious health problem both in the community and hospital settings each year worldwide, the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the management of UTI is a serious public health issue. The present study will analyse the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of pathogens isolated from the urine samples of admitted patients suffering from UTI in Tripura Medical College and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Teaching Hospital (TMC).Methods: This was a hospital record-based study. The urine samples of clinically diagnosed UTI patients admitted in various departments of the hospital during the study period were included. The reports of culture and sensitivity testing of the samples were collected. The results were interpreted according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Results: During the 12-month study period, a total of 752 urine samples were analysed. Enterococcus (43.75%) was the most frequently isolated bacteria, followed by E. coli (28.45%) and Klebsiella (14.89%). Enterococcus was highly sensitive (p<0.001) to vancomycin (95.33%), E. coli was mostly sensitive to nitrofurantoin (83.65%) and Klebsiella mainly sensitive to imipenem (75.49%).Conclusions: The study showed that positive urine culture with the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates is very important for antimicrobial therapy, as antibiotic resistance is a worldwide problem which causes ineffectiveness of treatment.

Mechanism of Action of Azadirachta Indica Linn. (Neem) Aqueous Leaf Extract as Hypoglycaemic Agent.

To find out the mechanism of action of Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract (ALE) as hypoglycaemic agent. Materials and Methods: Overnight fasted albino rats of Wister strain of either sex were divided into 3 groups-a) Control (5% aqueous gum acacia suspension 5ml/kg, PO), b) Test (ALE-500mg/kg, PO) and c) Standard (glibenclamide 0.5mg/kg, PO). Blood glucose was estimated before administration of drugs and at 30min, 60min & 120min after the administration of drugs. For glycogen estimation also different animals were taken and divided into similar groups and after 1h of administration of drugs, the animals were killed and glycogen concentration from the liver, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle were estimated. Results: The ALE produces a marked decrease in blood glucose level in normal rats. The glycogen content of liver, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle was increased significantly (p<0.001) after 1h of administration of ALE as compare to control. Conclusion: ALE decreases blood glucose level and increases glycogen concentration in liver, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle significantly. Increased glycogen synthesis is one of the important mechanisms responsible for its hypoglycemic action.

Staining of Lens Capsule with Trypan Blue for Capsulorrhexis in Eyes with White Cataract.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intracameral 0.1% Trypan blue dye for staining the anterior lens capsule during cataract surgery. Methods: 110 Patients who underwent Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery (MSICS) and phacoemulsification for intumescent, mature or hypermature cataract in the Department of Ophthalmology, Tripura Medical College during the period of June 2009 to July 2010 were included in the study. Results: Satisfactory staining of the anterior lens capsule was seen in all cases with no major complications. Conclusion: Direct intracameral injection of trypan blue dye is an effective method for staining the anterior lens capsule during cataract surgery.