Congenital and genetic cerebrovascular anomalies as risk factors for stroke in Saudi children

To explore the role of and report on congenital and genetic cerebrovascular anomalies as risk factors for stroke in a prospective and retrospective cohort of Saudi children. Children with stroke were evaluated at the Division of Pediatric Neurology [DPN], or were seen as inpatients in the Pediatric Wards at King Khalid University Hospital [KKUH], Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the periods July 1992 to February 2001 [retrospective study] and February 2001 to March 2003 [prospective study]. Stroke work-up for each suspected case included hemostatic assays, serological, biochemical and neurophysiological tests. Neuroimaging modalities included routine skull X-rays, CT, MRI, magnetic resonance angiography [MRA] and conventional cerebral angiography. Of 104 children with stroke, congenital and genetic cerebrovascular anomalies were the underlying risk factor in 7 [6.7%]. The patients were evaluated at the DPN at a mean age of 66 months [range = 8 months to 11 years, median = 6 years]; and they had stroke at a mean age of 48 months [range = 2 months to 10 years, median = 8 months]. Four patients had stroke in association with neurocutaneous syndromes. Two had Sturge-Weber syndrome [SWS], one had Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome associated with SWS, and the fourth had neurofibromatosis type 1. Two patients had intracranial hemorrhage secondary to ruptured aneurysm. A girl [aged 9 years and 4 months] had left posterior cerebral artery aneurysm. She was diagnosed to have autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease following renal ultrasonography. She died 5 months later despite surgical intervention [clipping of aneurysm]. The second child was an 8-month-old boy who presented with subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage [IVH] following ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm. He recovered with no residual symptoms following successful clipping of the aneurysm. Arteriovenous malformation [AVM] caused IVH in a 7-year-old boy who reported to hospital 5 hours after onset of headache, vomiting, drowsiness, and dizziness. Following drainage of the IVH and stabilization of the patient, the AVM was successfully embolized 6 weeks later. As a group, congenital and genetic cerebrovascular anomalies constitute a significant risk factor for stroke in Saudi children. Recognition of these diseases is important since some are treatable and because other family members may be at risk.

Routine monitoring of arterial pressure in a brain AVM during embolisation: a diagnostic tool

Identification of normal cerebral arteries in the vicinity of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation [AVM] is essential in order to minimize the risk of morbidity and mortality related to the procedure. The identification of these arteries depends on the skill and experience of the Interventionist. When the angio-architecture is complex or unclear, routine monitoring of cerebral arterial pressure may be a useful tool to assist the Interventionist, especially the less experienced one. In a patient with a remnant high flow brain AVM, a pressure recording in a distal artery immediately before an intended deposit of glue revealed an unexpectedly high pressure of 61 mmHg compared to previously recorded pressures of 29 mmHg in a distal feeder and 21 mmHg in the nidus, indicating that the vessel may not only be feeding the AVM but also supplying brain parenchyma making it unsuitable for embolisation