ABSTRACT
Bovine tuberculosis, a chronic disease of animals is caused by species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) and it remains a potential threat to animals as well as humans. Differentiation of the species of MTC is required for epidemiological and diagnostic purpose. The present study evaluated the presence of different species of MTC in bovines using gyrB-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. In this study, blood and milk samples from 50 milch animals which were positive reactors of comparative intradermal tuberculin test were collected. Screening of MTC was done by IS6110-PCR using primers INS1/INS2 specific for MTC. The positive samples were further identified using gyrB- Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Out of 50 positive reactors to CITT, only 4 (8%) animal were positive for MTC by IS6110-PCR. And gyrB-RFLP analysis using RsaI and SacII showed two positive for M. bovis and two animals for M. tuberculosis. Thus, gyrB-RFLP could be used as an additional tool in differential diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases thereby able to differentiate species of MTC
ABSTRACT
Background and Objectives: Nurses working in the intensive care unit (ICU) may be exposed toconsiderable stress. Gaps in research focusing on stress, burnout, social support and general health of nursesis evident within developing contexts like India. The study aim was to assess the level of and the relationshipbetween (1) stress, (2) burnout, (3) social support, & (4) general health of nurses working in intensive careunits.Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed at ICUs at tertiary care hospitals, Indore. The self reportquestionnaire consisted of a demographic questionnaire, The Multidimensional scale of Perceived SocialSupport, The Abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale, and lastly the GeneralHealth Questionnaire. 115 of 186 (62%) answered the questionnaire.Results: The mean age of study subjects was 27 years (SD=4.85; n=111). Out of the total 71 were males,with mean age of 27.7 years, and 40 females with the mean age of 26.25 years. Mean Burnout score of totalstudy population was 30.27(SD=11.09; N=111). No significant difference in mean burnout scores of malesand females was found (p=0.960; t=0.0502; df=110). One-way ANOVA was done taking Burnout as afactor with 3 levels: Higher mean GHQ-12 scores were seen in groups with higher burnout severity [F(2,108)=13.470; p<0.05]. GHQ-12 scores better predicted burn out than perceived stress and social support. But,people with high perceived stress had significantly lower social support mean scores [F (2,108) =6.17;p=0.0017]. Correlation between stress and burnout was insignificant.Conclusion: GHQ-12 scores better predicted burnout in ICU staff. Staff with higher stress levels had poorersocial-support
ABSTRACT
The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate Tretinoin proniosomal gel and to carry out comparative skin irritation study with conventional Tretinoin solution and Tretinoin conventional gel. Topical Tretinoin (0.25%, 0.05%) has been a reliable treatment of acne vulgaris since 30 years but its major drawback is that it causes skin irritation on the applied area. The proniosomal dispersion was prepared using different grades of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol in different ratios along with Tretinoin. The scanning electron microscopy revealed that the proniosome vesicles were of LUV type and spherical shape. The proniosome vesicles prepared with SPAN 60, 40 and cholesterol in formulation PN9 showed maximum entrapment efficiency (76.77±1.54) .The prepared proniosome vesicles were incorporated into Carbopol gel (1%) base to prepare Tretinoin proniosomal gel. The stability study was carried out at different accelerated and non-accelerated conditions. The In-vitro diffusion study carried out using sigma dialysis membrane showed sustained release pattern of Tretinoin from proniosomal gel formulation. The comparative skin irritation study carried out on 18 healthy Wistar Rats of either sex showed remarkable decrease in signs of skin irritation caused by Tretinoin.