Arthropod fauna on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of Acacia mangium (Fabaceae) leaves / Fauna de artrópodes nas superfícies abaxial e adaxial de folhas de Acacia mangium (Fabaceae)

Abstract Acacia mangium (Willd., 1806) (Fabales: Fabaceae) is a fast growing, rustic, pioneer species, with potential to fix nitrogen, and for programs to recover degraded areas. The objective was to evaluate the distribution and the functional diversity of interactions and the K-dominance of arthropod groups on A. mangium saplings. The number of individuals of eleven species of phytophagous insects, three bee species, and fourteen natural enemy species were highest on the adaxial leaf surface of this plant. Abundance, diversity and species richness of phytophagous insects and natural enemies, and abundance and species richness of pollinators were highest on the adaxial A. mangium leaf surface. The distribution of five species of sap-sucking hemipterans and six of protocooperating ants (Hymenoptera), with positive interaction between these groups, and three bee species (Hymenoptera) were aggregated on leaves of A. mangium saplings. Aethalion reticulatum (L.) (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) and Bemisia sp. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); Brachymyrmex sp. and Camponotus sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); and Trigona spinipes Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were the most dominant phytophagous insects, natural enemies, and pollinators, respectively, on A. mangium leaves. Knowledge of preferred leaf surfaces could help integrated pest management programs.

Resumo Acacia mangium (Willd., 1806) (Fabales: Fabaceae) é uma planta pioneira com rápido crescimento, rusticidade, potencial nitrificador e importante em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo foi avaliar a distribuição e a diversidade funcional das interações e a dominância-K de grupos de artrópodes em árvores jovens de A. mangium. Os números de indivíduos de onze espécies de insetos fitófagos, três de abelhas e quatorze de inimigos naturais foram maiores na superfície adaxial de folhas dessa planta. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies de insetos fitófagos e inimigos naturais, e a abundância e riqueza de espécies de polinizadores foram maiores na face adaxial de folhas de A. mangium. A distribuição de cinco espécies de hemípteros sugadores de seiva e seis de formigas protocooperantes (Hymenoptera), com interação positiva entre esses grupos, e três de abelhas (Hymenoptera) foi agregada em folhas de plantas jovens de A. mangium. Aethalion reticulatum (L.) (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) e Bemisia sp. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); Brachymyrmex sp. e Camponotus sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); e Trigona spinipes Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foram os insetos fitófagos, inimigos naturais e polinizadores mais dominantes, respectivamente, em folhas de A. mangium. A definição da superfície foliar preferida pode auxiliar programas de manejo integrado de pragas.

Arthropod fauna on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of Acacia mangium (Fabaceae) leaves / Fauna de artrópodes nas superfícies abaxial e adaxial de folhas de Acacia mangium (Fabaceae)

Acacia mangium (Willd., 1806) (Fabales: Fabaceae) is a fast growing, rustic, pioneer species, with potential to fix nitrogen, and for programs to recover degraded areas. The objective was to evaluate the distribution and the functional diversity of interactions and the K-dominance of arthropod groups on A. mangium saplings. The number of individuals of eleven species of phytophagous insects, three bee species, and fourteen natural enemy species were highest on the adaxial leaf surface of this plant. Abundance, diversity and species richness of phytophagous insects and natural enemies, and abundance and species richness of pollinators were highest on the adaxial A. mangium leaf surface. The distribution of five species of sap-sucking hemipterans and six of protocooperating ants (Hymenoptera), with positive interaction between these groups, and three bee species (Hymenoptera) were aggregated on leaves of A. mangium saplings. Aethalion reticulatum (L.) (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) and Bemisia sp. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); Brachymyrmex sp. and Camponotus sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); and Trigona spinipes Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were the most dominant phytophagous insects, natural enemies, and pollinators, respectively, on A. mangium leaves. Knowledge of preferred leaf surfaces could help integrated pest management programs.

Acacia mangium (Willd., 1806) (Fabales: Fabaceae) é uma planta pioneira com rápido crescimento, rusticidade, potencial nitrificador e importante em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo foi avaliar a distribuição e a diversidade funcional das interações e a dominância-K de grupos de artrópodes em árvores jovens de A. mangium. Os números de indivíduos de onze espécies de insetos fitófagos, três de abelhas e quatorze de inimigos naturais foram maiores na superfície adaxial de folhas dessa planta. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies de insetos fitófagos e inimigos naturais, e a abundância e riqueza de espécies de polinizadores foram maiores na face adaxial de folhas de A. mangium. A distribuição de cinco espécies de hemípteros sugadores de seiva e seis de formigas protocooperantes (Hymenoptera), com interação positiva entre esses grupos, e três de abelhas (Hymenoptera) foi agregada em folhas de plantas jovens de A. mangium. Aethalion reticulatum (L.) (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) e Bemisia sp. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); Brachymyrmex sp. e Camponotus sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); e Trigona spinipes Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foram os insetos fitófagos, inimigos naturais e polinizadores mais dominantes, respectivamente, em folhas de A. mangium. A definição da superfície foliar preferida pode auxiliar programas de manejo integrado de pragas.

Arthropod fauna on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of Acacia mangium (Fabaceae) leaves

Abstract Acacia mangium (Willd., 1806) (Fabales: Fabaceae) is a fast growing, rustic, pioneer species, with potential to fix nitrogen, and for programs to recover degraded areas. The objective was to evaluate the distribution and the functional diversity of interactions and the K-dominance of arthropod groups on A. mangium saplings. The number of individuals of eleven species of phytophagous insects, three bee species, and fourteen natural enemy species were highest on the adaxial leaf surface of this plant. Abundance, diversity and species richness of phytophagous insects and natural enemies, and abundance and species richness of pollinators were highest on the adaxial A. mangium leaf surface. The distribution of five species of sap-sucking hemipterans and six of protocooperating ants (Hymenoptera), with positive interaction between these groups, and three bee species (Hymenoptera) were aggregated on leaves of A. mangium saplings. Aethalion reticulatum (L.) (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) and Bemisia sp. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); Brachymyrmex sp. and Camponotus sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); and Trigona spinipes Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were the most dominant phytophagous insects, natural enemies, and pollinators, respectively, on A. mangium leaves. Knowledge of preferred leaf surfaces could help integrated pest management programs.

Resumo Acacia mangium (Willd., 1806) (Fabales: Fabaceae) é uma planta pioneira com rápido crescimento, rusticidade, potencial nitrificador e importante em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo foi avaliar a distribuição e a diversidade funcional das interações e a dominância-K de grupos de artrópodes em árvores jovens de A. mangium. Os números de indivíduos de onze espécies de insetos fitófagos, três de abelhas e quatorze de inimigos naturais foram maiores na superfície adaxial de folhas dessa planta. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies de insetos fitófagos e inimigos naturais, e a abundância e riqueza de espécies de polinizadores foram maiores na face adaxial de folhas de A. mangium. A distribuição de cinco espécies de hemípteros sugadores de seiva e seis de formigas protocooperantes (Hymenoptera), com interação positiva entre esses grupos, e três de abelhas (Hymenoptera) foi agregada em folhas de plantas jovens de A. mangium. Aethalion reticulatum (L.) (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) e Bemisia sp. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); Brachymyrmex sp. e Camponotus sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); e Trigona spinipes Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foram os insetos fitófagos, inimigos naturais e polinizadores mais dominantes, respectivamente, em folhas de A. mangium. A definição da superfície foliar preferida pode auxiliar programas de manejo integrado de pragas.

Valor nutricional do capim-elefante verde colhido em diferentes idades de rebrota / [Nutritional value of fresh elephantgrass harvested at different regrowth ages]

Avaliou-se o valor nutricional do capim-elefante verde colhido aos 56, 84 e 112 dias de idade, por meio do consumo e da digestibilidade em ovinos, da degradabilidade in situ e da cinética da fermentação ruminal. O capim-elefante colhido aos 56 dias proporcionou maiores valores de consumo da MS (1204,81g/dia), da EB (4910,41kcal/dia), da ED (3436,21kcal/dia) e da PB (130,90g/dia). Para o capim-elefante colhido aos 56 dias, ainda foram observados os maiores valores de digestibilidade da MS (70,64%), da EB (70,11%), da PB (68,96%), da FDN (71,4%) e do conteúdo ED (2,86Mcal/kg MS). Com o avanço da idade de corte, houve redução da degradabilidade potencial da MS (77,99% x 68,33%), da PB (84,80% x 56,52%) e da FDN (72,18% x 64,33%), para as idades de corte de 56 e 112 dias, respectivamente. O capim cortado aos 56 dias apresentou maior valor de produção cumulativa de gases (210,50mL/g de MS) e de degradabilidade da matéria seca (63,9%) após 96 horas de fermentação. O capim-elefante verde deve ser colhido aos 56 dias de rebrota em razão das características nutricionais apresentadas.(AU)

The nutritional value of fresh elephant grass harvested at 56, 84 and 112 days of age was evaluated by intake and digestibility in sheep, in situ degradability, and ruminal fermentation's kinetics. The elephant grass harvested at 56 days provided higher DM intake (1204.81g/day), GE (4910.41kcal/day), DE (3436.21kcal/day), and CP (130.90g/day) values. Furthermore, the highest DM (70.64%), GE (70.11%), DE (2.86%) and CP (68.96%) digestibility values were observed at 56 days. With the increase in the harvest age there was a reduction in the DM (77.99 x 68.33%), CP (84.80 x 56.52%) and NDF (72.18 x 64.33%) potential degradability in the treatments 56 and 112 days, respectively. Higher values of cumulative gas production (210,50mL/g DM) and DM degradability for elephant grass were observed at 56 days, after 96 hours of fermentation. The fresh elephant grass should be harvested at 56 days of regrowth due to the nutritional characteristics found in this study.(AU)

Exercise on a vibratory platform increases blood perfusion on the stifle joint and rectal temperature in healthy dogs / Exercício em plataforma vibratória aumenta a perfusão sanguínea da articulação do joelho e a temperatura retal de cães saudáveis

The effects of two vibration platform (VP) exercise protocols on stifle and rectal temperatures were evaluated. Eleven animals participated in two exercise protocols, different in duration in each exercise. Exercise protocol 1 (EP1) took 30 seconds and EP2, 60 seconds, with different vibratory levels in both cases (L1 = acceleration ≅ 1g, L4 = acceleration ≅ 2.5g, and L7 = acceleration ≅ 5g). The animals were evaluated before and 1 minute after the exercise, using infrared thermography to obtain stifle temperatures. The rectal temperature (RT) was also checked at each moment. The dogs had higher stifle temperatures in EP1 at all vibratory levels compared to the time before the exercise; EP2 resulted in higher temperature only at maximum vibration intensity (L7). Increase in TR was observed only in EP2. The results suggested that the short duration protocol (EP1) increased the muscular and peripheral vascular activities of the joint, regardless of the vibration intensity. The long duration protocol (EP2) with maximum vibration intensity increased the RT, demonstrating activity beyond the stifle muscle group. It is concluded that exercises on the VP can be used as complementary therapy for low-impact muscle activity in dogs and may be adequate for efficient energy consumption.(AU)

Foram avaliados os efeitos de dois protocolos de exercício em plataforma vibratória (PV) sobre as temperaturas dos joelhos e retais. Onze animais participaram de dois protocolos de exercício, diferentes na duração de cada exercício. O protocolo de exercício 1 (PE1) foi de 30 segundos e o PE2 foi de 60 segundos, com diferentes níveis vibratórios em ambos (L1 = aceleração ≅ 1g; L4 = aceleração ≅ 2,5g; e L7 = aceleração ≅ 5g). Os animais foram avaliados antes e um minuto após os exercícios, por meio de termografia infravermelha para a obtenção das temperaturas dos joelhos. A temperatura retal (TR) foi aferida em cada momento. Os cães apresentaram temperaturas dos joelhos mais elevadas em PE1, em todos os níveis vibratórios, em comparação a antes do exercício; o PE2 resultou em temperatura mais alta apenas na intensidade máxima de vibração (L7). Aumento na TR foi observado apenas no PE2. Os resultados sugerem que o protocolo de curta duração (PE1) aumentou as atividades muscular e vascular periférica da articulação, independentemente da intensidade da vibração; o protocolo de longa duração (PE2) com intensidade máxima de vibração aumentou a TR demonstrando atividade além do grupo muscular do joelho. Conclui-se que os exercícios na PV podem ser utilizados como terapia complementar para atividade muscular de baixo impacto em cães e pode ser adequada para o consumo eficiente de energia.(AU)

Vivências do familiar frente ao diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus na criança/adolescente / Family experiences in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in children/adolescents

Objetivo: identificar as vivências do familiar frente ao diagnóstico de Diabetes Mellitus na criança/adolescente. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com 15 familiares de crianças/adolescentes do Centro Integrado de Diabetes de um Hospital Universitário do sul do Brasil. Coletou-se os dados no primeiro semestre de 2014 por entrevistas semiestruturadas, tratadas pela análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: os familiares identificam os sinais/sintomas, mas não associados com diabetes ou confundidos com outras patologias. O diagnóstico ocorre em consultas de rotina ou quando ocorre o agravamento da situação. Os sentimentos comuns são culpa e medo, por não saber como agir. Primeiro ocorre a negação e depois a busca por conhecimento acerca da doença. Considerações Finais: ao conhecer esse processo, os profissionais de enfermagem podem contribuir para diminuir o impacto do diagnóstico, apoiando a família e criança/adolescente no enfrentamento de mudanças.

Objective: to identify the experiences of the relative in the diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus in the child/adolescent. Methods: qualitative research, carried out with 15 family members of children/adolescents from the Integrated Diabetes Center of a University Hospital in southern Brazil. Data was collected in the first half of 2014 through semi-structured interviews, handled by Content analysis. Results: family members identify the signs/symptoms, but they do not associate it with diabetes, or they are confused with other pathologies. The diagnosis occurs in routine consultations or when the situation worsens. Common feelings are guilt and fear, for not knowing how to act. First there is denial and then the search for knowledge about the disease. Final considerations: by knowing this process, nursing professionals can contribute to decrease the impact of diagnosis, supporting the family and child/adolescent in coping with changes.

Factors associated with microbiological and clinical cure of mastitis in dairy cows / Fatores associados à cura microbiológica e clínica da mastite em vacas leiteiras

709 clinical mastitis cases were analyzed and treated with antimicrobial combination cephalexin-neomycin and the anti-inflammatory prednisolone. A sample of milk was collected to perform a microbiological culture before starting the treatment and 14 days later. Somatic cell count (SCC) was obtained from samples collected on the day of the clinical case (D0), 14 days after (D14) and 28 days after (D28). Of the total, 435 (61.4%) at the D0 exhibited growth of microorganisms. Of the isolated agents, 365 (84%) were Gram-positive, and 66 (16%) were Gram-negative. A clinical cure was achieved in 63% of cases. Bacteriological cure occurred in 75% of cases. Only at D28 after the clinical case a significant SCC reduction was verified. The logistic regression for clinical cure showed significant effects for days in milk and parity (P< 0.05). For bacteriological cure, there were significant effects of Log (SCC) D0; clinical cure and quarter affected (P< 0.05). In the principal component analysis, the Temperature-Humidity Index was associated with reduced clinical cure of clinical mastitis cases.(AU)

Setecentos e nove casos clínicos de mastite foram analisados e tratados com combinação antimicrobiana à base de cefalexina-neomicina e o anti-inflamatório prednisolona. Uma amostra de leite foi coletada para realização de cultura microbiológica antes do início do tratamento e 14 dias depois. A contagem de células somáticas (SCC) foi obtida de amostras coletadas no dia do caso clínico (D0), 14 dias após (D14) e 28 dias após (D28). Do total, 435 (61,4%) no D0 apresentaram crescimento de microrganismos, enquanto em 274 (38,6%) não houve crescimento. Dos agentes isolados, 365 (84%) eram Gram-positivos e 66 (16%) eram Gram-negativos. A cura clínica foi alcançada em 63% dos casos. A cura bacteriológica ocorreu em 75% dos casos. Apenas no D28 verificou-se uma redução significativa na SCC. A regressão logística para a cura clínica mostrou efeitos significativos para dias em lactação e paridade (P<0,05). Para a cura bacteriológica, houve efeitos significativos de Log (SCC) D0; cura clínica e quarto afetado (P<0,05). Na análise do componente principal, o índice de temperatura-umidade foi associado com a redução da cura clínica dos casos clínicos da mastite.(AU)

Manifesto de Natal - Por uma política afirmativa no recrutamento, formação, provimento, retenção e suporte para as médicas de família em contexto rural e remoto / Natal Manifest - For an affirmative policy in the establishment, recruitment, continuing education and support to the female family doctors in rural and remote contexts / Manifiesto de Natal - Por una política comprometida en la radicación, contratación, formación continuada y apoyo para las médicas de familia em contextos rurales y remotos

O presente documento foi produzido com base na oficina de Gênero sobre o trabalho das Médicas de Família em áreas rurais e remotas, durante o 13º Congresso Brasileiro de Medicina de Família e Comunidade, de 8 a 12 de julho de 2015. Objetivou o estabelecimento de importantes pressupostos para o recrutamento, formação, provimento, retenção e suporte para o trabalho das médicas de família e comunidade nas mais diversas áreas rurais, rururbanas e remotas do país, em seus mais diversos cenários, devendo servir de base para estudos e formulação de políticas públicas sobre tais aspectos.

This document was produced on the basis of the Gender workshop on the work of female Family Doctors in rural and remote areas, during the 13th Brazilian Congress of Family and Community Medicine, from July 8-12, 2015. It aimed to establish important assumptions for the recruitment, training, provision, and support for the work of female family physicians in the many rural, rururban and remote areas of the country, in its various different scenarios, and should serve as a basis for studies and formulation of public policies on such aspects.

El presente documento fue producido con base en el taller de Género sobre el trabajo de las Médicas de Familia (Cabecera) en áreas rurales y remotas, durante el 13º Congreso Brasileño de Medicina de Familia y Comunidad, de 8 a 12 de julio de 2015. Su objetivo es el estabelecimiento de importantes presuposiciones para el reclutamiento, formación, provisión, fijación y suporte para el trabajo de las médicas de familia y comunidad en las más distintas áreas rurales, rururbanas y remotas del país bajo los más diversos escenarios, debiendo servir de base para estudios y formulación de políticas públicas sobre tales aspectos.

Degradabilidade in situ do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar para pequenos ruminantes de raças naturalizadas do Nordeste brasileiro / In situ degradability of sugarcane bagasse for naturalized small ruminant breeds from the northeastern Brazil

Com o crescimento da indústria sucroalcooleira, buscam-se alternativas de uso dos resíduos gerados por ela. Os pequenos ruminantes de raças naturalizadas do Nordeste brasileiro mostram-se como grupos potenciais para que seja utilizado o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BCA) nas dietas. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se determinar a degradabilidade ruminal in situ da matéria seca (MS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) do BCA e os parâmetros ruminais em caprinos Moxotó e ovinos Morada Nova, fistulados no rúmen. Contidos em sacos de náilon, 3g de BCA foram incubados no rúmen nos tempos seis, 24 e 96 horas, determinando-se o conteúdo de MS e FDN nos resíduos obtidos. Nos tempos zero, seis e 12 horas após a primeira refeição, mediram-se no líquido ruminal pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) ruminal. O CMS não diferiu entre caprinos e ovinos. O potencial de máxima degradação da MS foi semelhante entre espécies, e da FDN foi superior em caprinos. Ovinos apresentaram maiores tempo de colonização, taxa de degradação e degradabilidade efetiva da MS e FDN. O pH não diferiu entre as espécies. Observou-se maior concentração de N-NH3 ruminal em caprinos, no tempo zero. Diante da maior velocidade de degradação da MS do BCA pelos ovinos, essa espécie se mostra detentora de uma microbiota ruminal com crescimento mais eficiente sobre o BCA.

With the increase of the sugar and alcohol industries, alternative uses for residue are sought, and the small ruminants from the naturalized breeds of northeastern Brazil are potential groups to make use of the sugarcane bagasse (SCB) in their diets. In this context, the objective was to determine the in situ degradability of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of SCB and ruminal parameters in Moxotó goats and Morada Nova sheep rumen fistulated. Three grams of SCB were placed in naylon bags and incubated in the rumen at 6, 24 and 96 hours, and the residues analyzed for DM and NDF. Rumen fluid was collected at zero, 6 and 12 hours after the first meal and pH and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) were determined. DMI did not differ between goats and sheep. The maximum degradation potential of DM was similar between species and the A of NDF was higher in goats. Sheep had higher colonization time, rate of degradation and effective degradability of DM and NDF. The pH did not differ between species. The highest concentration of ruminal N-NH3in goats was at time zero. Given the higher rate of degradation of bagasse dry matter by sheep, this specie shows a more efficient rumen microbial growth on SCB.

Use of enzymes in diets with different percentages of added fat for broilers / Uso de enzimas em dietas com diferentes porcentagens de adição de gordura para frangos de corte

We assessed the extent to which the removal of fat source, and consequently its compounds, such as linoleic acid, can affect the performance of broilers. We used 600 male Cobb 500 day old chicks. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with five treatments and six replicates of 20 birds each. The treatments were: (T1) diet - positive control (PC), which met the nutritional needs; (T2) diet - negative control (CN), a reduction of 100kcal/kg and low linoleic acid content; (T3): diet - negative control reformulated for low linoleic acid content and a set of Quantum phytase XT and Econase XT 25 (BAL + QFit-Eco), (T4): diet - negative control reformulated, with the percentage of linoleic acid adjusted to an intermediate value between the value of the diet and diet CP and CN to use a set of Quantum phytase XT and XT Econase 25 (IAL + QFit-Eco) and (T5): diet - negative control reformulated, with the percentage of linoleic acid adjusted to a value similar to that of the positive control diet and joint use of Quantum phytase XT and XT Econase 25 (AAL + QFit-Eco). The joint use of Quantum Phytase and Econase promoted improvement in the performance of broilers from 1 to 21 days. The greatest weight gain was obtained with diets containing percentages of total fat and linoleic acids. Dietary supplementation with enzymes resulted in higher levels of calcium in the tibia, whatever the percentage of linoleic studied.

Avaliou-se até que ponto a retirada de fonte de gordura e, consequentemente, de seus compostos, como o ácido linoleico, pode afetar o desempenho dos frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 600 pintos de um dia, machos da linhagem Cobb 500. As aves foram distribuídas num delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de 20 aves cada. Os tratamentos foram: (T1) dieta-controle positivo (CP), que atendeu às necessidades nutricionais; (T2) dieta-controle negativo (CN), com redução de 100kcal de EM/kg e baixo teor de ácido linoleico; (T3): dieta- controle negativo reformulada, para baixo teor de ácido linoleico e com uso conjunto de Quantum fitase XT e Econase XT 25 (BAL+ Qfit-Eco); (T4): dieta-controle negativo reformulada, com porcentagem de ácido linoleico ajustada para um valor intermediário entre o valor da dieta CN e da dieta CP e com uso conjunto de Quantum fitase XT e Econase XT 25 (IAL + Qfit-Eco) e (T5): dieta-controle negativo reformulada, com porcentagem de ácido linoleico ajustada para um valor semelhante ao da dieta-controle positivo e com uso conjunto de Quantum fitase XT e Econase XT 25 (AAL+ Qfit-Eco ). O uso conjunto de Quantum Fitase e Econase promoveu melhora no desempenho dos frangos de corte de um a 21 dias. O maior ganho de peso foi obtido com dietas que continham porcentagens de gorduras totais e de ácido linoleico. A suplementação com as enzimas resultou em maior teor de cálcio nas tíbias, independentemente da porcentagem de ácido linoleico estudada.

Prenatally programmed hypertension: role of maternal diabetes

Epidemiological and experimental studies have led to the hypothesis of the fetal origin of adult diseases, suggesting that some adult diseases might be determined before birth by altered fetal development. Maternal diabetes subjects the fetus to an adverse environment that has been demonstrated to result in metabolic, cardiovascular and renal impairment in the offspring. The growing amount of obesity in young females in developed and some developing countries should contribute to increasing the incidence of diabetes among pregnant women. In this review, we discuss how renal and extrarenal mechanisms participate in the genesis of hypertension induced by a diabetic status during fetal development.

Effect of D-alpha-tocopherol on tubular nephron acidification by rats with induced diabetes mellitus

The objective of the present study was to determine if treatment of diabetic rats with D-alpha-tocopherol could prevent the changes in glomerular and tubular function commonly observed in this disease. Sixty male Wistar rats divided into four groups were studied: control (C), control treated with D-alpha-tocopherol (C + T), diabetic (D), and diabetic treated with D-alpha-tocopherol (D + T). Treatment with D-alpha-tocopherol (40 mg/kg every other day, ip) was started three days after diabetes induction with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, ip). Renal function studies and microperfusion measurements were performed 30 days after diabetes induction and the kidneys were removed for morphometric analyses. Data are reported as means ± SEM. Glomerular filtration rate increased in D rats but decreased in D + T rats (C: 6.43 ± 0.21; D: 7.74 ± 0.45; D + T: 3.86 ± 0.18 ml min-1 kg-1). Alterations of tubular acidification observed in bicarbonate absorption flux (JHCO3) and in acidification half-time (t/2) in group D were reversed in group D + T (JHCO3, C: 2.30 ± 0.10; D: 3.28 ± 0.22; D + T: 1.87 ± 0.08 nmol cm-2 s-1; t/2, C: 4.75 ± 0.20; D: 3.52 ± 0.15; D + T: 5.92 ± 0.19 s). Glomerular area was significantly increased in D, while D + T rats exhibited values similar to C, suggesting that the vitamin prevented the hypertrophic effect of hyperglycemia (C: 8334.21 ± 112.05; D: 10,217.55 ± 100.66; D + T: 8478.21 ± 119.81æm²). These results suggest that D-alpha-tocopherol is able to protect rats, at least in part, from the harmful effects of diabetes on renal function.

Macromolecular array patterns of silk gland secretion in social Hymenoptera larvae

The cocoon, produced by most holometabolous insects, is built with silk that is usually produced by the larval salivary gland. Although this silk has been widely studied in the Lepidoptera, its composition and macromolecular arrangement remains unknown in the Hymenoptera. The macromolecular array patterns of the silk in the larval salivary gland of some meliponids, wasps, and ants were analyzed with polarized-light microscopy, and they were compared with those of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera). There is a birefringent secretion in the glandular lumen of all larvae, due to filamentous structural proteins that display anisotropy. The silk in the distal, middle and proximal regions of the secretory portion of Formicidae and Vespidae glands presented a lattice optical pattern. We found a different pattern in the middle secretory portion of the Meliponini, with a zigzag rather than a lattice pattern. This indicates that the biopolymer fibers begin their macromolecular reorganization at this glandular region, different from the Formicidae and the Vespidae, in which the zigzag optical pattern was only found at the lateral duct. Probably, the mechanism of silk production in the Hymenoptera is a characteristic inherited from a common ancestor of Vespoidea and Sphecoidea; the alterations in the pattern observed in the Meliponini could be a derived characteristic in the Hymenoptera. We found no similarity in the macromolecular reorganization patterns of the silk between the Hymenoptera species and the silkworm.

Malnutrition as an additional risk factor to gentamicin nephrotoxicity / Desnutrição como um fator de risco adicional na nefrotoxidade à gentamicina

A relação entre a desnutrição e as doenças infecciosas tem sido descrita há algum tempo. A gentamicina é um antibiótico aminoglicosídeo muito utilizado no tratamento de infecções graves por gram-negativos, apesar de sua nefrotoxidade. Estudos experimentais e clínicos também mostraram alterações importantes na função renal durante a desnutrição. Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se o uso da gentamicina (G) em ratos submetidos à restrição alimentar (R) pode interferir no desenvolvimento da nefrotoxidade à gentamicina. Ratos Wistar machos com dois meses de idade foram submetidos à restrição alimentar (50 porcento) durante 30 dias. Nos 10 últimos dias, eles foram tratados com soro fisiológico ou gentamicina (40mg/kg/dia intraperitoneal). Os grupos estudados foram: C)- ratos com alimentação ad libitum + soro fisiológico, G)- alimentação ad libitum + gentamicina, R)- restrição alimentar + soro fisiológico, RG)- restrição alimentar + gentamicina. Uma queda significativa na taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) foi observada nos grupos R (5,69 ± 0,22) e G (5,31 ± 0,27) se comparados ao grupo C (7,17 ± 0,42 ml.min kg). No grupo RG, a diminuição a TFG foi mais evidente do que nos grupos G ou R, (4,42 ± 0,24 ml.min-1.kg-1). Em todos os grupos experimentais, a diminuição da TFG ocorreu paralelamente à diminuição do fluxo plasmático renal (FPR), de modo que a fração de filtração (FF porcento) foi mantida. Um declínio na proporção inulina urina/plasma foi observado em ambos os grupos tratados com gentamicina e também no grupo com restrição alimentar. Apesar de G e R "per se" causarem um aumento na excreção de Na elevado a +, os valores mais altos foram obtidos no grupo RG. Apesar do nosso estudo ter sido realizado num modelo experimental, se extrapolado a protocolos humanos pode-se sugerir que o uso de antibióticos aminoglicosídeos nos pacientes desnutridos deve ser feito com cautela, especialmente devido a função renal e considerando o risco aumentado potencial exibido por estes pacientes.

Effects of dietary lipids on renal function of aged rats

Normal aging is accompanied by renal functional and morphological deterioration and dietetic manipulation has been used to delay this age-related decline. We examined the effects of chronic administration of diets containing 5 percent lipid-enriched diet (LD, w/w) on renal function of rats at different ages. Three types of LD were tested: canola oil, fish oil and butter. Mean systemic tail-cuff blood pressure and glycemia remained within the normal range whatever the age and the diet of the animals. Proteinuria began to rise from the 8th month in the groups ingesting LD, while in the control group it increased significantly (above 10 mg/24 h) only after the 10th month. With age, a significant and progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow was observed in the LD groups but after 6 months of lipid supplementation, the decline in these parameters was more marked in the butter and fish oil groups. By the 18th month, the lowest GFR level was observed in the group ingesting the butter diet (2.93 + or - 0.22 vs 5.01 + or - 0.21 ml min-1 kg-1 in control, P<0.05). Net acid excretion, evaluated in 9- and 18-month-old rats, was stimulated in the fish oil group when compared both to control and to the other two LD groups. These results suggest that even low levels of LD in a chronic nutritional regimen can modify the age-related changes in renal function and that the impact of different types of lipid-supplemented diets on renal function depends on the kind of lipid present in the diet

Effect of thyroparathyroidectomy on urinary acidification in diabetic rats

In previous studies we have shown stimulation of renal acid excretion in the proximal tubules of rats with diabetes of short duration, with no important alterations in glomerular hemodynamics; on the other hand, in thyroparathyroidectomized rats (TPTX model), a significant decrease in renal acid excretion, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) was detected. Since important changes in the parathyroid hormone-vitamin D-Ca axis are observed in the diabetic state, the present study was undertaken to investigate the renal repercussions of thyroparathyroidectomy in rats previously made diabetic by streptozotocin (45 mg/kg). Four to 6 days after the induction of diabetes (DM), a group of rats were thyroparathyroidectomized (DM + TPTX). Renal functional parameters were evaluated by measuring the inulin and sodium para-aminohippurate clearance on the tenth day. The decrease in the GFR and RPF observed in TPTX was not reversed by diabetes since the same alterations were observed in DM + TPTX. Net acid (NA) excretion was unchanged in DM (6.19 ± 0.54), decreased in TPTX (3.76 ± 0.25) and returned to normal levels in DM + TPTX (5.54 ± 0.72) when compared to the control group (6.34 ± 0.14 µmol min-1 kg-1). The results suggest that PTH plays an important vasodilator role regarding glomerular hemodynamics, since in its absence the impairment in GFR and RPF was not reversed by the diabetic state. However, with respect to acid excretion, the presence of diabetes was able to overcome the negative stimulus represented by TPTX

Interactions of ANP and ANG II in tubular nephron acidification

In order to examine the effects and the interaction of angiotensin II (ANG II, 1 pM) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, 1 muM) on the kinetics of bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat middle proximal tubule, we performed in vivo experiments using a stopped-flow microperfusion technique with the determination of lumen pH by Sb microelectrodes. These studies confirmed that ANG II added to the luminal or peritubular capillary perfusion fluid stimulates proximal bicarbonate reabsorption and showed that ANP alone does not affect this process, but impairs the stimulation caused by ANG II. We also studied the effects and the interation of these hormones in cortical distal nephron acidification. Bicarbonate reabsorption was evaluated by the acidification kinetic technique in early (ED) and late (LD) distal tubules in rats during in vivo stopped-flow microperfusion experiments. the intratubular pH was measured with a double-barreled microelectrode with H+ -sensitive resin. The results indicate that ANG II acted by stimulating Na+/H+ exchange in ED (81 per cent) and LD (54 per cent)segments via activation of AT1 receptors, as well as vacuolar H+ -ATPase in LD segments (33 per cent). ANP did not affect bicarbonate reabsorption in either segment and, as opposed to what was seen in the proximal tubule, did not impair the stimulation caused by ANG II. To investigate the mechanism of faction of these hormones in more detail, we studied cell pH dependence on ANG II and ANP in MDCK cells using the fluroescent probe BCECF. We showed that the velocity of cell pH recovery was almost abolished in the absence of Na+, indicating that it is dependent on Na+/H+ exchange. ANP (1 muM) alone had no effect on this recovery but reversed both the acceleration of H+ extrusion at low ANG II levels (1 pM and 1 nM), and inhibition of H+ extrusion at higher ANG II levels (100 nM). To obtain more information on the mechanism of interation of these hormones, we also studied their effects on the regulation of intracellular free calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, monitored with the fluorescent probe Fura-2 in MDCK cells in suspension. The data indicate that the addition of increasing concentrations of ANG II (1 pM to 1 muM) to the cell suspension led to a progressive increase in [Ca2+]i to 2-3 times the basal level.In contrast, the addition of ANP (1 muM) to the cell suspension led to a very rapid 60 per cent decrease in [Ca2+]i and reduced the increase elicited by ANG II, thus modulating the effect of ANG II on [Ca2+]i. These results may indicate a role of [Ca2+)i in the regulation of the H+ extrusion process mediated by Na+/H+ exchange and stimulated/impaired by ANG II. The data are compatible with stimulation of Na+/H+ exchange by increases of [Ca2+]i in the lower range, and inhibition at high [Ca2+]i levels.

Reliability of serological methods for detection of leishmaniasis in Portuguese domestic and wild reservoirs

A direst agglutination test (DAT) and an immunofluorescence (IFAT) were compared for detection of Leishmania infantum infection in 43 dogs and five foxes from Alto-Douro and Arrabida, two known endemic areas in Portugal. In four dogs with proved canine leishmaniasis, both DAT and IFAT showed positive readings (titres ò1:320 and ò1:128). Of 34 samples collected form apparently healthly dogs, ten were positive by both serological tests and eight were serologically positive by one test or the other. Three foxes out of five captured in this area, scored titres indicative of leishmaniasis in both DAT and IFAT. The concordance between DAT and IFAT in all collected samples (48) was 81.25 per cent. Considering these and previous studies in the adjancent Mediterranean areas, the seroprevalence of L. infantum infection in the canine and vulpine populations appear to be high magnitude.

Effect of D-glucose and L-glutamate on the kinetics of bicarbonate reabsorption in rat proximal tubules

The effect of D-glucose or L-glutamate on the kinetics of bicarbonate reabsorption in the early (EPT) and middle proximal tubule (MPT) was studied in vivo in Munich-Wistar rats by microperfusion techniques. The presence of 20 mM D-glucose in the lumen increased acidification half-time (t/2) (from 2.54 + or - 0.09s to 3.11 + or - 0.17 s in EPT and from 4.75 + or - 0.20 s to 6.04 + or - 0.49 s in MPT). Bicarbonate reabsorption 9JHCO-3) decreased as a consequence of this change (from 3.80 + or - 0.17 to 2.46 + or - 0.20 nmol cm-2s-1 in EPT and from 2.30 + or - 0.10 to 1.64 + or - 0.10 nmol cm-2s-1 in MPT). In this situation the basolateral membrane potential difference (BLMPD) in the MPT decereased from -41.6 + or - 2.47 to -29.7 + or - 2.45 mV and returned to control values after perfusion with D-glucose. The addition of 20 mM L-glutamate to the luminal perfusion caused an opposite effect, i.e., a decrease in t/2 (1.54 + or - 0.21 s in EPT and 3.25 + or - 0.26 s in MPT) and a consequent increase in JHCO-3 in both segments (5.09 + or - 0.58 nmol cm-2s-1 in EPT and 3.92 + or - 0.30 nmol cm-2s-1 in MPT). The BLMPD of MPT increased during L-glutamate perfusion (-39 + or - 2.48 mV in control and -52.0 + or - 2.72 mV with L-glutamate) and returned to control values after perfusion. The results observed may be the consequence of coupled Na+ - substrate transport altering the BLMPD with modifies the electrical driving force for coupled Na+ -HCO-3 efflux across the basolateral membrane. The alteration of this process may in turn affect intracellular pH, which is an important modulator of luminal Na+./H+ enchange. This possibility is supported by the observed depolarization of BLMPD by D-glucose (electroneutral molecule), and hyperpolarization by glutamate anion