ABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivo. Revisar los estudios que han analizado la relación de bullying/cyberbullying con variables del contexto familiar. Método. Revisión sistemática, basada en el protocolo Prisma, de los documentos registrados en las principales bases de datos de psicología, que incluían las palabras clave bullying/cyberbullying y familia/padres, entre 2004 y 2017. Setenta y cuatro artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Resultados. La revisión evidenció las siguientes variables familiares asociadas con cada rol: (a) víctimas de bullying: padres/madres autoritarios, punitivos o permisivos; hogares disfuncionales, baja armonía familiar, conflictos, pobre comunicación; reciben muchas críticas, bajo apoyo/atención parental o sobreprotección; (b) cibervíctimas: padres/madres autoritarios o negligentes, conflictos familiares, bajo apoyo parental, padres/madres distantes, vínculos emocionales negativos; (c) agresores de bullying: padres/madres autoritarios, punitivos o permisivos, hogares disfuncionales, conflictos entre padres/madres, violencia doméstica, reciben rechazo, crítica y poco afecto parental; (d) ciberagresores: padres/madres autoritarios, negligentes o permisivos, y conflictos familiares. Por último, resultaron factores protectores: padres/madres democráticas, equilibrados, sin conflictos domésticos, cohesión familiar, interacciones de calidad, fácil comunicación padres-hijos, padres/madres apoyan a sus hijos, son cercanos y fomentan el apego seguro. Conclusión. Algunas variables familiares pueden ser relevantes, aunque en la probabilidad de convertirse en víctima o agresor de bullying y cyberbullying influyan otros factores, como los personales.
Abstract Objective. To review studies that have analyzed the relationship of bullying and cyberbullying with the family context. Method. PRISMA protocol for systematic reviews was used in all documents registered in the main psychology databases featuring the keywords bullying/cyberbullying and family/parents, between 2004 and 2017. Seventy-four articles met the inclusion criteria. Results. The review revealed the following familiar variables associated with each role. Victims of bullying: authoritarian, punitive, negligent, or permissive parents; dysfunctional homes, low family harmony, conflicts, poor parent-child communication; criticism, low parental support/attention, or overprotection. Cyber-victims: authoritarian or negligent parents; family conflicts, low parental support, distant parents, negative emotional bonding with parents. Bullies: authoritarian, punitive or permissive parents; dysfunctional homes, parental conflicts, domestic violence; rejection, criticism, and little parental affection. Cyberbullies: authoritarian, negligent or permissive parents, and family conflicts. Protective factors: democratic, balanced parents; no domestic conflicts, family cohesion, quality interactions, easy parent-child communication, parents support and care for their children, close-knit relationships, and foster secure attachment. Conclusion. Some family variables may be relevant, although the probability of becoming a victim or aggressor of bullying and cyberbullying may be influenced by other factors.
Resumo Escopo . Revisar os estudos que têm analisado a relação bullying/cyberbullying com variáveis do contexto familiar. Metodologia . Revisão sistemática, baseada no protocolo Prisma, dos documentos registrados nas principais bases de dados de psicologia, que incluíram as palavras chave bullying/cyberbullying e família/pais, entre 2004 e 2017. Setenta e quatro artigos cumpriram os critérios de inclusão. Resultados . A revisão evidenciou as seguintes variáveis familiares associadas com cada rol: (a) vítimas de bullying (pais/mais autoritários, punitivos ou permissivos; lares disfuncionais, baixa harmonia familiar, conflitos, pobre comunicação; recebem muitas críticas, baixo apoio/atenção parental ou sobre proteção); (b) cyber vítimas (pais/mais autoritários ou negligentes, conflitos familiares, baixo apoio parental, pais/mais distantes, vínculos emocionais negativos); (c) agressores de bullying (pais/mais autoritários, negligentes ou permissivos, lares disfuncionais, conflitos entre pais/mais, violência doméstica, recebem rejeito, crítica e pouco afeto parental); (d) cyber agressores (pais/mais autoritários, negligentes ou permissivos, e conflitos familiares); (e) fatores protetores (pais/mais democráticos, equilibrados, sem conflitos domésticos, coesão familiar, interações de qualidade, fácil comunicação pais-filhos, pais/mais apoiam seus filhos, são próximos e fomentam o apego seguro). Conclusão . Algumas variáveis familiares podem ser relevantes, embora na probabilidade de se converter em vítima ou agressor de bullying e cyberbullyuing influam outros fatores, como os pessoais.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cyberbullying , Parents , Family , Systematic ReviewABSTRACT
Background: The high emotional burden of physicians working in emergency departments may affect their quality of life perception. Aim: To evaluate health related quality of life among resident physicians performing shifts at an emergency department. Material and Methods: Seventy one physicians aged 26,3 ± 1,7 years (47 women), working as residents in an emergency department, answered the short version of the Short-Form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36®). This questionnaire analyses eight domains: physical function, body pain, general health, vitality, social function, emotional role and mental health. Results: Women had a significantly worse perception than a reference population in four dimensions of the SF-36, especially mental health and social functioning. Men had scores similar to the reference population. Among women, vitality is the best predictor of mental health and social functioning. Conclusions: Women working as residents in an emergency department have a worse perception of their quality of life than men performing the same job.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Emergency Medicine , Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data , Internship and Residency/statistics & numerical data , Job Satisfaction , Medical Staff, Hospital/psychology , Quality of Life/psychology , Sex Factors , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mental Health , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de las propiedades psicométricas de la versión en español del cuestionario Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL), construido en su versión original por Cohen y Wills (1985). El ISEL evalúa la percepción de disponibilidad de cuatro aspectos diferentes del apoyo social, además de aportar una medida general de apoyo social percibido. El cuestionario se compone de cuatro subescalas (autoestima, información, pertenencia e instrumental). Cada una de ellas está formada por 10 ítems. Tras un riguroso proceso de traducción para generar la versión española del ISEL, se analizó la equivalencia de la versión traducida al español para la escala en su conjunto y para cada subescala en una muestra de universitarios españoles (N = 441). Se obtuvo un valor de alfa para la primera administración de 0.888 y de 0.87 para la segunda. La fiabilidad test-retest fue de r = 0.787. Se comprobó que la estructura factorial podría ser esencialmente unidimensional tras un análisis factorial exploratorio con rotación Varimax. Además, se analizó la validez convergente con la Escala de Soledad (r = -0.692; p < 0.001); el Cuestionario de Autoeficacia Percibida (r = 0.712; p < 0.001); el Cuestionario de Salud General (r = -0.422; p < 0.001) y la Escala de Estrés Percibido (r = -0.400; p = 0.002). Los resultados podrían mostrar que la versión española del ISEL puede ser utilizada con suficientes garantías psicométricas en una población de jóvenes universitarios de habla hispana.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of Spanish version of the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-ISEL which was built in its original version by Cohen and Wills (1985). The ISEL assesses the perceived availability of four different aspects of social support, in addition to providing a general measure of social support. The questionnaire consists of four sub-scales (self-esteem, information, membership and instrumental). Each sub-scale consists of 10 items. After a rigorous translation process to produce the Spanish version of the ISEL, we examined the equivalence of the translated version into Spanish for the total scale and each sub-scale in a sample of Spanish university students (N = 441). We obtained an alpha value for the first administration of 0.888 and 0.87 for the second. The test-retest reliability was r = 0.787. It was found that the factor structure would be essentially one-dimensional after exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation. In addition, convergent validity was assessed with the Loneliness Scale (r = -0.692, p < 0.001), the Perceived Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (r = 0.712, p < 0.001), the General Health Questionnaire (r = -0.422, p = 0.001) and the Perceived Stress Scale (r = -0.400, p = 0.002). The results could show that the Spanish version of the ISEL can be used with sufficient psychometric guarantees in a population of Spanish-speaking university students.
Subject(s)
Psychological TestsABSTRACT
El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la potencia explicativa de la visualización de las representaciones generadas mediante gráficas de redes sociales. Para ello se analizan los grafos obtenidos con la aplicación de las herramientas de software UciNet y NetDraw, teniendo en cuenta una serie de principios para su interpretación efectiva. Se estudian las características internas de las principales redes yihadistas que se han formado y que han actuado en España. Esto es, se indaga analíticamente el grado de relevancia de la interacción social de los actores durante su militancia y las características e implicaciones de su estructura en red.
The aim of this paper is to assess the explanatory power of graphic representation by visualization of social networks. We analyze outcomes generated by the software tool UciNet and NetDraw, in order to explain networks outcomes using principles for effective interpretation of graphs. The internal characteristics of the major jihadist groups formed in Spain, are taken into consideration/account for analysis in the present paper. Our study examines the relevance of social interaction during jihadist militancy and the characteristics and implications of structure within a network.