ABSTRACT
In spite of all the advances in sport nutrition and the importance of an adequate food intake in order to improve sport performance, both recreational and professional athletes forget frequently to include planning an optimum diet and fluid intake in their global strategy for performance. Physiological and metabolic adaptations produced as a consequence of physical exercise lead to the necessity of increasing caloric (in accordance to energy output) and protein (based on the trophic needs of the organism) intake. Likewise, paying major attention to vitamin and mineral intake, specifically B vitamins and zinc and chromium, is required, in order to optimize carbohydrate metabolism, the ultimate limiting factor for sport performance. During the training phase, 60 of calories should come from carbohydrates, protein intake should be 1.2-2 g/kg/day and athletes should follow the recommendations of the food guide pyramid. During the pre-, per- and post-competition phase the healthy aspect of the diet passes to a second level, in order to obtain good sport performance and to guarantee a fast and effective recovery. Again, carbohydrates with a high or medium glycaemic index and water are the nutrients which have to be calculated more thoroughly. In conclusion, athletes have to follow a diet that is adequate to their higher energy output and to their higher metabolic turnover. The food guide pyramid is a graphic expression which facilitates the comprehension and following of a healthy diet. In the present article, the authors introduce the pyramid adapted to the characteristics of sports nutrition, with easy-to-follow practical recommendations regarding the kind and amounts of foodstuffs that should be consumed in order to cover nutrient needs of people who exercise regularly.
Subject(s)
Humans , Diet , Energy Intake/physiology , Nutritional Requirements , Sports , Dietary Carbohydrates , Drinking , Energy Metabolism , Physical Endurance , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , VitaminsABSTRACT
Dietetic, hematologic and biochemical data were used to asses the iron status of a group of 64 adolescents (37 males and 27 females), aged 15 to 18 (mean age 15.94 +/- 0.76 years), who study in a High School in the comunidad Aut onoma de Madrid. All were asked to keep a dietary record during 5 days, one of which had to be a sunday. Iron intake was estimated using the Food Composition Tables of the Instituto de Nutrici on (1990). The hematologic survey determined hemoglobin hematocrit mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), serum iron and serum ferritin. These data were correlated with the scores obtained in the attention and school capability test (AT), that gave information about the verbal (V), reasoning (R) and calculus (C) capabilities. There is a positive correlation between MCV (r = 0.2705), MCH (r = 0.3370) ferritin (r = 0.3383) and attention. MCV (r = 0.2995), MCH (r = 0.3998), MCHC (r = 0.3134) and ferritin (r = 0.3970) were also correlated with the speed capability shown on the attention test and the hemoglobin level was correlated with the calculus capability (r = 0.2905). The students who obtained higher scores in the school capability test had also better blood parameter values. This was statistically significant for serum ferritin in males students and for hemoglobin and MCHC in female students. 19.6 per cent of the adolescents had ferritin levels lower than 12 ng/ml. Their intelligence test scores were lower to those who had serum ferritin > or = 12 ng/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adolescent Nutrition , Attention/physiology , Intelligence/physiology , Iron/blood , Nutritional Status , Educational Status , Iron/deficiency , SpainABSTRACT
Se ha valorado la influencia del estado nutricional (cuantificado mediante datos dietéticos, antropométricos y bioquímicos) en la capacidad funcional (medida por la adiposidad, fuerza de manos y piernas en flexión y extensión y flexibilidad) de un grupo de 11 ancianos institucionados de Madrid (España). Los principales problemas nutricionales que condicionan mermas funcionales son la obesidad, hipercolesterolemia déficit en proteínas y micronutrientes. La influencia adversa de la obesidad e hipercolesterolemia en la capacidad funcional del anciano se pone de relieve por la existencia de relaciones inversas entre la flexibilidad y la fuerza de manos y piernas con el grado de adiposidad, con el espesor de los pliegues cutáneos con la colesterolemia. Respecto a la influecia de la dieta, existen relaciones positivas entre el consumo de alimentos de la dieta, existen relaciones positivas entre el consumo de alimentos y de la mayor parte de los nutrientes con la fuerza de manos y piernas, y la significación estadística se alcanza con frecuencia en el caso de las proteínas, hierro, zinc, magnesio y vitamina B, seguidas de la vitamina C, niacina, tiamina, ácido fólico y vitamina E, En relación con los parámetros sanguíneos las correlaciones de mayor valor son las existentes entre parámetros funcionales y niveles de hierro, ferritina y vitamina C. Nuestros resultados contribuyen a confirmar la influencia de la nutrición en la capacidad funcional del anciano y ponen de relieve la necesidad de mejorar la dieta de las personas de edad, evitando las deficiencias en micronutrientes, así como la conveniencia de incrementar la actividad física del colectivo, ambas medidas supondrán una importante ayuda en la mejora sanitaria y funcional de las personas de edad avanzada