Retaining health workforce in rural and underserved areas of India: What works and what doesn't? A critical interpretative synthesis.

Background. Human resource for health is critical in quality healthcare delivery. India, with a large rural population (68.8%), needs to urgently bridge the gaps in health workforce deployment between urban and rural areas. Methods. We did a critical interpretative synthesis of the existing literature by using a predefined selection criteria to assess relevant manuscripts to identify the reasons for retaining the health workforce in rural and underserved areas. We discuss different strategies for retention of health workforce in rural areas on the basis of four major retention interventions, viz. education, regulation, financial incentives, and personal and professional support recommended by WHO in 2010. This review focuses on the English-language material published during 2005–14 on human resources in health across lowand middle-income countries. Results. Healthcare in India is delivered through a diverse set of providers. Inequity exists in health manpower distribution across states, area (urban–rural), gender and category of health personnel. India is deficient in health system development and financing where health workforce education and training occupy a low priority. Poor governance, insufficient salary and allowances, along with inability of employers to provide safe, satisfying and rewarding work conditions—are causing health worker attrition in rural India. The review suggests that the retention of health workers in rural areas can be ensured by multiplicity of interventions such as medical schools in rural

India’s Last Battle in the War Against Polio.

Type 2 vaccine virus is the predominant cause of Vaccine-derived poliovirus and Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Therefore, World Health Organization recommends global synchronized switching from trivalent to bivalent Oral polio vaccine. To prevent the risk of type 2 poliovirus re-emergence, atleast one dose of Inactivated polio vaccine is recommended at 14 weeks of age in routine immunization, before the switch. To protect immunocompromised children and those under 14 weeks of age, an additional dose must be given at 6 weeks of age. Mass campaigns of Injectable polio vaccine in states with poor Routine immunization coverage, before the trivalent to bivalent Oral polio vaccine switch, will reduce risk of Vaccine-derived poliovirus by covering all under-immunized pockets. The additional costs are justified as it is our ethical obligation to eliminate any iatrogenic risk.