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1.
Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr ; 59(1): 38-48, mar. 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388376

ABSTRACT

Resumen El consumo de sustancias en adolescentes es altamente prevalente en varias regiones del mundo, y especialmente en Chile, siendo su prevención un importante desafío para la salud pública. Este artículo describe el modelo islandés de prevención del consumo de sustancias en adolescentes "Planet Youth", su adaptación y factibilidad de implementación en Chile, como primera experiencia en Latinoamérica. Este modelo comunitario está enfocado en la prevención ambiental y en la promoción de la salud de niños, niñas y adolescentes, basado en un diagnóstico local y oportuno de factores protectores y de riesgo, con colaboración de la autoridad local y la academia. Seis comunas de la región metropolitana en colaboración con la Universidad de Chile y el Icelandic Centre for Social Research and Analysis inician su implementación en 2018. Se tradujo y adaptó la encuesta islandesa que fue aplicada a 7354 estudiantes de 2° medio, cuyos resultados se retroalimentaron a colegios y municipalidades para trabajar en la modificación de los principales factores de riesgo y protección. En 2020, el proceso ha requerido algunas adaptaciones debido a la pandemia por COVID-19. Se discute acerca de factores socioculturales relevantes en la adaptación de estrategias basadas en evidencia internacional que se transfieren a un país diferente. La implementación del modelo Planet Youth es factible en Chile y ofrece una importante oportunidad para prevenir el consumo de sustancias en jóvenes de manera efectiva en Latinoamérica.


The prevalence of substance use is high among adolescents in several region around the world, specifically in Chile, and its prevention is an important public health challenge. We describe the adaptation and the feasibility to implement the Icelandic model of substance use prevention in adolescents "Planet Youth" in Chile as first experience in Latin America. This community prevention model focuses on the environment, culture and the promotion of health in adolescents, informed by local risk and protective factors. Implementation requires collaboration between academia and municipal authorities. Six municipalities of the Metropolitan Region, the University of Chile and the Icelandic Centre for Social Research and Analysis collaborated in the implementation of the Planet Youth model since 2018 in Chile. A substance use survey was translated, adapted, and applied to 7354 tenth grade students. The results were informed to schools and municipalities in order to work on modifications of the main risk and protective factors in their own community. In 2020, the prevention process has required some adaptation due to COVID-19 pandemic. We discuss sociocultural factors in the adaptation of this international prevention model transferred to Latin America. The implementation of the Planet Youth model is feasible in Chile and offers an opportunity to effectively prevent the substance use behaviors of adolescents in Latin America.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control , Chile , Public Health , Surveys and Questionnaires , Community Support , Health Promotion
2.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1369023

ABSTRACT

El burnout es un síndrome de origen multifactorial que surge como una respuesta a un estrés prolongado en el ámbito laboral, tiene 3 dimensiones, el agotamiento emocional, la despersonalización y la sensación de insatisfacción. Su prevalencia oscila entre un 4% y 30,5% en los trabajadores, para llegar a un 50% en trabajadores en salud mental. Existen diversas estrategias para el manejo del burnout, sin embargo no está claro cuáles serían las más eficaces. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar las estrategias para el manejo del burnout, para ello se realizó un revisión narrativa que incluye el término de burnout entre los años 2012 y 2017 en buscadores PubMed. Se encontraron siete estudios entre revisiones narrativas, sistemáticas y metaanálisis, en los cuales se describen estrategias individuales e institucionales; una investigación considera además las estrategias grupales. Se describe que para el adecuado abordaje del burnout se deben considerar no solo la responsabilidad del individuo, sino también la de las organizaciones de salud, tanto en su génesis como en su manejo. Existen estrategias para abordar este problema de forma efectiva. Falta mayor precisión respecto al tipo de intervenciones, en qué combinación y en qué tiempos lograrían mayor efectividad, dado lo multifactorial de su origen y lo multidimensional de su problemática. Se requieren futuras investigaciones e intervenciones que permitan evaluar estas estrategias para el manejo de burnout en los distintos niveles de intervención.


Subject(s)
Humans , Mental Health , Evidence-Based Medicine , Burnout, Psychological/therapy
3.
Rev. psiquiatr. clín. (Santiago de Chile) ; 49(2): 23-34, July-dec. 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-702146

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La salud mental de la madre influye en la calidad de las interacciones tempranas madre-hijo, comprometiendo el desarrollo del niño. El crecimiento de los niños es una variable importante a analizar. Estudios realizados en Estados Unidos y en Europa muestran una relación entre variaciones de la talla y enfermedades crónicas del adulto. Algunos estudios en países de bajos ingresos evidencian que la depresión post parto tiene un efecto negativo en el crecimiento temprano de sus hijos, sin embargo, hay otros que no encuentran esta relación. El objetivo es realizar una revisión sistemática sobre la relación que existe entre depresión materna y crecimiento infantil Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PUBMED sobre el tema en cuestión, publicados en los últimos 10 años. Se incluyeron estudios tipo caso control y de cohorte y niños hasta 4 años de edad. Para medir depresión materna se usó la Escala de Depresión de Edimburgo y la entrevista clínica estructurada del DSM IV o del CIE-10 para Episodio Depresivo Mayor. Resultados: se encontraron 23 artículos, se seleccionaron 11. En 6 de ellos la depresión materna es un factor de riesgo para el crecimiento infantil, en 4 no se encontró relación y en 1 se relacionó con mayor adiposidad infantil. Conclusiones: la depresión materna constituye un factor de riesgo para la alteración del crecimiento infantil en las poblaciones más vulnerables, de bajos ingresos y no representaría un factor de riesgo para poblaciones más privilegiadas, de altos ingresos, pudiendo provocar una alteración transitoria.


Introduction: the mental health of the mother influences the quality of early mother-child interactions compromising the child´s development. The growth of children in an important variable to analyze. Studies in the Unites States and Europe show a relationship between variations in size and adult chronic diseases. Studies in low-income countries show that postpartum depression has a negative effect on the early growth of their children; however, others find no relationship. The goal in to find the relationship between maternal depression and infant growth thought a systematically review. Methods: we performed a literature search of PUBMED on the topic, published in the last 10 years. We included case-control studies and cohort and children up to age 4. To measure maternal depression scale was used Depression Edinburg, the structured clinical interview of DSM-IV or ICD-10 for Major Depressive Episodes. Results : there were 23 articles, 11 were selected, in 6 of them found maternal depression is a risk factor for child growth failure, in 4 there was no relationship and 1 was associated with increases adiposity children. Conclusions: maternal depression is a risk factor for impaired childhood gowth in the population most vulnerable, low-income countries and do not represent a risk factor for more privileged populations, high-income countries and can cause a transient alteration.


Subject(s)
Humans , Depression, Postpartum , Child Development , Nutritional Status , Mother-Child Relations
4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 134(6): 713-720, jun. 2006. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-434618

ABSTRACT

Background: Depression is common among women, specially during breeding. Aim: To characterize post-partum depression in a group of women attending a primary health care clinic and its relationship to quality of life. Material and methods: The sample included women meeting criteria for Major Depression, with a child of up to 11 months old. Exclusion criteria included the presence of psychosis, history of mania, alcohol abuse, illegal drug use, high suicide risk, and receiving mental health care in the last three months. Structured interviews used were the Edinburgh postpartum depression scale (EPDS), Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire (SF-36) and questions about incapacity and health care use. Results: The sample included 159 women with a median age of 27 years (range: 16-43 years). Thirty three percent were married, 30.8% lived in common law marriage, 9.4% were divorced, and 26.4% were single. Most (89.3%) were housewives, 31% were students, and 6.9% were employed. The average score on the EPDS was 17 points (S.D. 4.2). The average SF-36 somatic score was 42.7 points (S.D. 8.2), and the emotional score was 30.3 (D.S. 0.3). The relation between the average score on the EPDS and the somatic and emotional scores was statistically significant (p=0.000-0.006). Conclusions: Most women were mildly to moderately depressed. Their depression was associated with a marked impairment of activities of daily living. These findings add to the evidence suggesting that depression is associated with marked disability cultures, even when the depression is mild to moderate.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Infant , Pregnancy , Depression, Postpartum/psychology , Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology , Quality of Life/psychology , Depression, Postpartum/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis , Disability Evaluation , Health Status Indicators , Interview, Psychological , Marital Status , Primary Health Care , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Severity of Illness Index , Time Factors
5.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 132(1): 85-94, ene. 2004. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-359185

ABSTRACT

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes participate in the metabolism of a variety of naturally occurring and foreign compounds by reactions requiring NADPH and O2. The diversity of reactions catalyzed and its extensive substrate specificity render CYP enzymes as one of the most versatile known catalysts. Individual members of the CYP superfamily are expressed in almost every cell type in the body. As compared to hepatic enzymes, the regulation of human extrahepatic CYPs has not been so well studied. In general, the levels of some hepatic CYP enzymes are depressed by diseases, causing potential and documented impairment of drug clearence and clinical drug toxicity. However, modulation of CYPs is enzyme selective and this selectivity differs in different diseases. This article reviews some basic concepts about CYP and its regulation in some disease states such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and hepatic, infectious and inflammatory diseases (Rev Méd Chile 2004; 132: 85-94).


Subject(s)
Cytochromes , Xenobiotics
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