ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the application and efficiency of composite positioned sputum discharging for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,in order to provide a basis for clinical practice.Methods A total of 135 COPD patients were treated in our hospital from January 2008 to December 2009.All hospitalized patients were randomly divided into the observation group(68 cases)and the control group (67 cases)according to medical record number.The observation group received composite positioned sputum discharging,while the control group was given routine sputum discharging method.The treatment effects and patient satisfaction of the two groups were observed and compared.Results After treatment,the expectoration of the observation group was higher than the control group.The blood gas results showed that the PaCO2 concentration of the observation group was lower than the control group,while PaO2 wag higher,and the differences were statistically significant.The overall satisfaction degree of the observation group was far higher than the control group.Conclusions Composite positioned sputum discharging has better results and patient satisfaction than the traditional manual sputum discharging method.It should be widely used in clinical application.
ABSTRACT
Human enterovirus 71 viruses have been long circulating throughout the world. In this study, we performed a positive selection analysis of the VP1 genes of capsid proteins from Enterovirus 71 viruses. Our results showed that although most sites were under negative or neutral evolution, four positions of the VP1 genes were under positive selection pressure. This might account for the spread and frequent outbreaks of the viruses and the enhanced neurovirulence. In particular, position 98 might be involved in neutralizing antibodies, modulating the virus-receptor interaction and enhancing the virulence of the viruses. Moreover, both positions 145 and 241 might correlate to determine the receptor specificity. However, these positions did not display much difference in amino acid polymorphism. In addition, no position in the VP1 genes of viruses isolated from China was under positive selection.
ABSTRACT
Positive selection and differential selective pressure analyses were carried out to study Haemagglutinin (HA) genes of H9N2 influenza viruses from different hosts in this paper. Results showed that, although most positions in HAs were under neutral or purifying evolution, a few positions located in the antigenic regions and receptor binding sites were subject to positive selection and some of them were even positively selected at the population level. In addition, there were always some positions differentially selected for viruses from different hosts. Both selection pressure working on HA codons and positions differentially selected might account for the extension of the host range and adaptations to different hosts of H9N2 influenza viruses.