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Heparin and low molecular weight heparin have been widely used in clinical therapy as anticoagulants in cardiovascular disease and in hemodialysis. Crude heparin is usually prepared from porcine intestinal mucosa. Purified heparin is a mixture of polysaccharides consisting mainly of repeating GlcNS(6S)-IdoA2S disaccharides and other disaccharides with different GlcNAc/GlcNS±3S±6S-GlcA/IdoA±2S residues. Heparin injections are drugs prepared from heparin active pharmaceutical ingredient ( API ) that is prepared from crude heparin. Low molecular weight heparins are dominant heparin-based drugs used clinically, which are prepared by degrading heparin into smaller sizes. As a result, low molecular weight heparins are sharing the same major disaccharides but have different reducing and non-reducing ends. In current study, we focused on the disaccharide compositional analysis of clinically used heparin and heparin-based drugs. HeparinaseⅠ,II, and Ⅲ were used to degrade all heparin and heparin-based drugs including heparin sodium injection, Enoxaparin sodium injection, Nadroparin calcium injection, Dalteparin sodium injection, Fondaparinux sodium into disaccharides. All the degraded products were analyzed by strong anion high perforance liquid chromatography ( SAX-HPLC) coupled with an UV-detector. Commercially available unsaturated disaccharide standards were then used for structral identification. Furthermore, unusual disaccharides present in Nadroparin, Dalteparin, and Fondaparinux were confirmed by reversed-phase ion pair HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry. The developed method produced detailed structural information, which should be useful for quality control of heparin and heparin-based drugs.
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The fine structure of enoxaparin sodium samples with different degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives were analyzed with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A further study of anticoagulation activity of enoxaparins was performed, including those on their inhibition activities of coagulation factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin (FIIa). The results showed that the anti-FXa and -FIIa activities of enoxaparins with different degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives (20.0%-39.7%) with similar structure characteristics, had decreasing tendency when the degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives increased. Especially, the anti-FXa activity was sensitive to the change of the degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives.
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@#Objective To study the incidence,risk factors and prognosis of stroke-associated infection(SAI) in acute stroke patients.Methods 382 serial acute cerebral stroke patients were retrospectively surveyed.Results The incidence of SAI was 29.3% in all cases,mainly involved lower respiratory tract(63.0%) and urinary tract(28.4%).Escherichia coli,Coagulase negative staph and Streptococcus viridans were the main pathogenic organisms.Developments of SAI were closely related with aging,diabetes mellitus,the application of antimicrobial agents and invasive procedure.The mortality was 10.7%(12/112) in the cases with SAI,but 1.9%(5/270) in the cases without SAI.Conclusion SAI is caused by various factors in acute stroke patients.Controlling SAI can help to succeed in treating stroke.
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Objective To investigate the influence of sulfated propylene glycol alginate(PSS) and its fractions on the immunoregulation.Methods The immunoregulation activity of PSS and its fractions were investigated by using immunocyte cultivation technique in vitro.The structure activity relationship was analysed on the basis of the structure studies of PSS' fractions.Results The experimental results showed that PSS could improve spleen cell proliferation,enhance macrophage phagocytic function and inhibit T-cell and B-cell proliferation.Conclusion PSS possessed significant immunoregulation effect,whilst the immunocompetence comparison of PSS' fractions proved that the different immunocytes had different requirements for saccharides length.
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The protective effect of 916 on lymphocyte damage induced by H 2O 2 was studied in this paper. Exposure of 916 at given concentrations to lymphocyte was concomitantly incubated with H 2O 2 at concentration of 12.5?mol?L -1 . Two hours later, the viable cells were evaluated by MTT assays. The result indicated that 916 exerted significant protective effect on lymphocyte from injury, indicating a potent antioxidant activity.
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Different kinds of average degree of polymerzation (DP) of chitosan to the freshness preserving of Scomberomorus niphonius and Pseudosoiaena polyactis and lean pork were studied. A satisfied results was acquired by the low DP of chitosan. The preserving results stored in 6C-7C were better than that of stored in 20C - 23C ,particularly.