ABSTRACT
In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors are a milestone in the treatment of lung cancer. There are many kinds of immune checkpoints, which are closely related to the efficacy and drug resis-tance of immunotherapy, including programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), etc. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have been approved by China National Medical Products Administration and U. S. Food and Drug Administration for the first-line treatment of lung cancer, which can improve overall survival and progression-free survival of patients. The double immunotherapies of CTLA-4 inhibitors or TIGIT inhibitors combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors also achieve good results, however, more serious adverse events may occur.The KIR and TIM-3 targets are closely related to the drug resistance of immunotherapy.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics,diagnosis and treatment of primary gastroin- testinal malignant lymphoma(PGML).Methods Twenty-two PGML patients were collected from January 1999 to December 2004,and their clinical characteristics,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis were analyzed,Results Among the 22 cases,PGMI commonly attacked stomach,ileocecal region and colon respectively,and the main clinical mani- festations were abdominal pain and bloody stools.50 % of the patients were confirmed by endoscopic biopsy.The pa~ tients treated by operation and chemotherapy turned to better to different extents.Conclusion PGML lacks specific manifestations,thus it has higher rate of misdiagnosis.There are good responses to the assistant chemotherapy and radiotherapy.