ABSTRACT
Adults of Tabanidae may become serious pests wherever they occur due to their attack to humans and others animals. Tabanids were captured near ground, water surface and at 25 m high on primary forests and forest gaps of anthropogenic origin, to understand their abundance, seasonality, diversity and similarity on such environments. Collections were carried out in the Base II of the War Instruction Center in the Jungle (CIGS) located at 54 km from Manaus municipality, Amazonas state. Two Malaise flight interception traps and four attraction traps (two suspended at 25 m high and two above the water surface of igarapé) were installed in forest gap and primary forest, areas for 10 consecutive days, during 15 months. A total of 2,643 specimens of 66 species were captured. Diachlorini (35 species /11 genera) was the most abundant tribe, followed by Tabanini (19 species /three genera), Chrysopsini (seven species /one genus) and Scionini (five species /two genera). Seventeen species were captured only in the primary forest, 11 in the anthropic clearing, and 38 species were common to both environments. The most abundant species were Phorcotabanus cinereus (Wiedemann), Tabanus occidentalis L, Chrysops laetus Fabricius and Tabanus angustifrons Macquart. The greatest richness was found in drier months (September/October) in both areas. Theforest gap showed higher abundance of specimens (1,827) than the primary forest (816). Traps suspended above the water surface were the most efficient (1,723 specimens) probably due to the dispersion of horseflies over small streams.
Subject(s)
Animals , Diptera , Brazil , Diptera/classification , Population Dynamics , Seasons , TreesABSTRACT
Records with the search string biogeograph* were collected from the Science Citation Index (SCI). A total of 3456 records were downloaded for the 1945-2006 period from titles of articles and reviews, and 10,543 records were downloaded for 1991-2006, taking into consideration also abstracts and keywords. Temporal trends of publications, geographical and institutional distribution of the research output, authorship, and core journals were evaluated. There were as many as 122 countries carrying out biogeographic research; in the most recent period, USA is the top producing country, followed by the United Kingdom, Australia, France, Germany, Spain, and Canada. There were 17,493 authors contributing to the field. During 1991-2006 there were 4098 organizations with authors involved in biogeographic research; institutions with higher number of papers are the Natural History Museum (United Kingdom), the University of California, Berkeley (USA), the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (France), the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico), the American Museum of Natural History (USA) and the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia). Research articles are spread over a variety of journals, with the Journal of Biogeography, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Molecular Ecology, and Biological Journal of the Linnean Society being the core journals. From 28,759 keywords retrieved those with the highest frequency were evolution, phylogeny, diversity, mitochondrial DNA, pattern(s), systematics, and population(s). We conclude that publications on biogeography have increased substantially during the last years, especially since 1998. The preferred journal for biogeographic papers is the Journal of Biogeography. Most frequent keywords seem to indicate that biogeography fits well within both evolutionary biology and ecology, with molecular biology and phylogenetics being important factors that drive their current development.
Se recolectaron registros con la palabra biogeograph* a partir del Science Citation Index (SCI). Se obtuvo un total de 3456 registros para el periodo 1945-2006, a partir de títulos de artículos y revisiones; y 10,543 registros para 1991-2006, tomando en cuenta también resúmenes y palabras clave. Se evaluaron las tendencias temporales y geográficas de las publicaciones, además de la distribución institucional de la investigación en el área, autoría y revistas principales. Durante 1945-2006 se publicaron 3456 artículos de biogeografía; cuando la búsqueda para 1991-2006 se expandió para buscar el tema en palabras claves y resúmenes, se recuperaron 10,543 registros. Hubo 122 países desarrollando investigación en biogeografía; en el periodo más reciente, los Estados Unidos de América fueron el país principal, seguidos del Reino Unido, Australia, Francia, Alemania, España y Canadá. 17,493 autores contribuyeron a la biogeografía. Durante 1991-2006 hubo 4098 instituciones con autores desarrollando investigación en el área; las que poseen un número mayor de artículos fueron el Natural History Museum (Reino Unido), la University of California, Berkeley (Estados Unidos de América), el Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Francia), la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (México), el American Museum of Natural History (Estados Unidos de América) y la Academia Rusa de Ciencias (Rusia). Los artículos de investigación se hayan repartidos en una variedad de revistas, siendo las principales el Journal of Biogeography, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Molecular Ecology y Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. A partir de 28,759 palabras claves, aquellas con mayor frecuencia fueron evolución, filogenia, diversidad, DNA mitocondrial, patrón (patrones), sistemática y población(es). Concluimos que las publicaciones en biogeografía se han incrementado sustancialmente durante los últimos años, en especial a partir de 1998. La revista preferida...