Effect of Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury on the Expression of Chemerin in Mice / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion on the protein expression of chemerin in C57BL/6J mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 16 mice (C57BL/6J, specific pathogen free level) were randomly assigned into two groups (n=8 each): the intestinal ischemia-reperfusion group and the sham group. The intestinal ischemia-reperfusion state was achieved by blocking the super-mesenteric artery. After 60 minutes of ischemia followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion,we determined the protein level of chemerin in various organs and tissues by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. The sham group underwent the same operation process except for the blocking of the super-mesenteric artery.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The protein level of chemerin was significantly elevated in distinctive organs and tissues in the state of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The intestinal ischemia-reperfusion can remarkably increase the protein expression of chemerin in some organs and tissues.</p>

Impact of glutamine and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on intestinal permeability and lung cell apoptosis during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the impact of intestinal lymphatic vessels ligation and different enteral nutrition support during ischemia/reperfusion on intestinal permeability, systemic inflammatory response and pulmonary dysfunction in a rat model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomized into normal diet group, regular enteral nutrition group, glutamine-enriched group, 0-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (wo-3PUFA) group, and sham control after gastrostomy. All the enteral nutrition group were isocaloric (1046 kJ kg-' d-1) and isonitrogenous (1.8 g N kg-' d-'). After enteral nutrition for 7 days, the rats were subjected to intestinal ischemia for 60 min, or ischemia plus mesenteric lymph duct ligation except for the sham group followed by 3 days of nutrition (72 h). Intestinal permeability (lactose/mannitol ratio in the urine, L/M) was determined on the 5th, 7th and 9th day after gastrostomy. The levels of serum diamine oxidase, endotoxin, cytokines, ALT and AST were detected at the 11th day after gastrostomy. Mucosal thickness was measured using small intestine and villusheight. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), NO synthase, and apoptotic index were detected in lung tissue.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ischemia for 60 min could cause intestinal injury. Intestinal permeability(L/M)was increased significantly in every group on the first day after ischemia (P<0.05). However, L/M decreased significantly 3 days after ischemia (P<0.05). The groups with Glu and o-3PUFA-enriched nutrition almost restored to normal level (P>0.05). The level of L/M in lymphatic ligation group was significantly lower than non-ligation group (P<0.05). The levels of endotoxin and cytokine were reduced, mucosal thickness and villous height were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the groups of Glu and o-3PUFA-enriched nutrition compared with enteral nutrition and normal diet groups during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. MPO, NO, NOS and the apoptosis index of lung tissue decreased in the groups of Glu and o-3PUFA-enriched as well as after lymph duct ligation (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The distant tissue-lung damage and systemic inflammation caused by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury may be related to some factors in the intestinal lymph. Blocking the gut-lymph pathway and/or adding Glu and o-3PUFA in enteral nutrition may reduce intestinal permeability and endotoxin, increase mucosal thickness, attenuate the systemic inflammatory reaction, and prevent lung injury</p>

The sheltering effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and lymphatic drainage on distant organs after intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the sheltering effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3PUFA) and lymphatic drainage on distant organs in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-eight healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats (SPF grade) were randomly divided into 3 groups (16 rats in each group): normal diet group (N), enteral nutrition group (EN), enteral nutrition and ω-3PUFA group(PUFA group). Each group was divided into lymphatic drainage (I/R + D) group and no-drainage (I/R) group (n = 8). Each rats received gastrostomy. After given different nutrition for five days, the rats subjected to 60 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion injury of the superior mesenteric artery. When the rats subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury, drained intestinal lymph for 180 min in the I/R + D group. The serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and level of myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), total of nitric oxide synthase (tNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) of lung were detected. The organ injury of lung and liver and the expression of high mobility group box 1(HMGB1, the endogenous ligand of TLR4) in these organs were investigated too.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The serum level of ALT in PUFA I/R + D and I/R group and EN I/R + D group were significantly lower than that in normal diet I/R group: (46 ± 20), (53 ± 15), (46 ± 21) and (100 ± 60) U/L (P < 0.05), respectively. The level of MPO, NO, tNOS, iNOS in lung in the I/R + D group were significantly lower than those in I/R group (P < 0.05): MPO (0.73 ± 0.15):(0.85 ± 0.10) unit/grams wet slice; NO (0.72 ± 0.51):(1.79 ± 1.32) µmol/gprot; tNOS (0.46 ± 0.15):(0.78 ± 0.27) U/mgprot; iNOS (0.06 ± 0.04):(0.11 ± 0.07) U/mgprot, respectively. The level of tNOS in PUFA I/R group was significantly lower than that in normal diet I/R group: (0.56 ± 0.13):(0.78 ± 0.27) U/mgprot (P < 0.05). MPO, NO, INOS levels in PUFA group were reduced compared with those in EN and normal diet group. HE stained sections and HMGB1 immunohistochemistry results showed that the organ injury in I/R group was severer than that in I/R + D group. The expression of HMGB1 increased in I/R group. The organ injury and the expression of HMGB1 in PUFA group were less than that in the other two main groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Lymphatic drainage can alleviate injury of distant organs after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in rats. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can increase body resistance to injury and promote recovery.</p>

Integrated Chinese and Western medicine and clinical nutrition / 中国中西医结合杂志

Nutritional support, an important measure for critical patients subject to monitoring, is widely used in clinical practice now. Nutrients have been used early in the Chinese medicine therapy. A number of Chinese medicine prescriptions show nutritional improvement and immune function enhancing effects on critical and/or postoperative patients, and some Chinese herbs are nutrient substances. Although the theoretical bases of Chinese medicine and Western medicine are different, they could work together in the clinical nutritional treatment to form a therapeutic measure with Chinese characteristics, which could promote the heritage and development of Chinese medicine. A discussion regarding the relationship between Chinese medicine drug-therapy, acupuncture and nutrition was also given.

Method for drainage of lymph fluid and determining the change of active materials in lymph fluid after rat ischemia-reperfusion injury / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To set up a method for the drainage of lymph fluid and explore the change of active materials in lymph fluid and serum after rat ischemia-reperfusion injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The method of the drainage of lymph fluid was well established. Sixteen healthy male rats of SPF grade were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups: intestinal ischemia-reperfusion + drainage group (I/R + drainage group) and drainage group. All the rats were subjected to superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 60 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. We compared the change of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein, endotoxin tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL) -1 beta, IL-6, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecular-1 (sICAM-1) by draining lymph fluid and collecting serum in 2 groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The drainage of lymph fluid was successfully performed. The HMGB1, endotoxin, and cytokines in serum and lymph fluid were significantly higher in ischemia-reperfusion group than in drainage group (P < 0. 05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The method for drainage of lymph fluid is simple and feasible. Endotoxin, HMGB1, and some cytokines in serum and lymph fluid may mediate the ischemia-reperfusion injury.</p>

Effect of mesenteric lymphatic duct ligation on the system inflammation during the intestinal ischemia-reperfusion / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To estimate the effect of the lymph duct ligation on systemic inflammatory factors and endotoxins during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Male SD rats underwent occlusion of superior mesenteric artery for 60 min followed by reperfusion for 120 min plus lymph duct ligation or not. Forty rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A (blank); group B (sham); group C (intestinal I/R); group D (intestinal I/R plus lymph duct ligation). Mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested for standard bacteriologic cultures. The endotoxin, D-lactate, diamine oxidase (DAO), and cytokines in serum were detected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rates of bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes were 40% in group C and 20% in group D. No positive lymph node cultures were encountered in any of group A and B. The serum cytokines (except for sICAM-1) , D-lactate, DAO and endotoxin levels were lower in group D than those in group C (P<0.05), but both were higher than those in group A and B (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>During intestinal I/R injury, blockage the lymph flow from gut into bloodstream decreases the levels of cytokines, and significantly attenuates the increase in intestinal permeability.</p>

Analysis of maltose clearance in plasma and urine of healthy volunteers with high-performance liquid chromatography / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the maltose clearance in plasma and urine of healthy volunteers with high-performance liquid chromatography.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Maltose solution was infused to 12 healthy volunteers during a 4-hour period at an infusion rate of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 g/(kg x h), Plasma and urine specimens were collected at different time points before and after infusion, and then analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The coefficients of variation of the precision and accuracy of the analysis method ranged 3.68%-4.58% and 0.44%-4.83% for plasma, respectively, and 2.91%-7.62% and 0.95%-8.27% for urine, respectively. The plasma maltose concentration increased in a dose-dependent manner (r > 0.99). The plasma maltose concentrations returned to the baseline levels 12 hours later. Two hours after injection, the urinary excretion of maltose increased, reached the peak value within 2-4 hours, began to decrease 6 hours later, and became zero 24 hours later.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>An infusion rate of 0.2-0.5 g/(kg x h) of maltose will not remarkably increase the blood glucose level in healthy people. The routine infusion rate should below 0.3 g/(kg x h), unless an emergency exists.</p>

Noninvasive quantification of glutamine and glutamate in skeletal muscles of perioperative rabbits with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the feasibility of noninvasive quantification of the metabolic changes of glutamine (Gln) and glutamate (Glu) in the skeletal muscles caused by abdominal surgery with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Abdominal surgery were performed on 15 healthy Zelanian rabbits. MRS data, blood specimens, and muscular tissues were obtained on the day before surgery and the second day after surgery. MRS data included peak amplitude and peak area of Gln + Glu (Glx) and total creatine (TCr). The reproducibility of peak amplitude with peak area was compared and the better one was chosen to calculate the ratio of Glx to TCr. Free Gln and Glu concentrations in serum and muscles were analyzed by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results of MRS were compared with those of RP-HPLC to evaluate the feasibility of MRS application in Gln and Glu metabolism.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Peak amplitude had better reproducibility than peak area under our conditions. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the ratio of the amplitude of Glx to TCr was (15.62 +/- 9.87)%. The ratio of the amplitude of Glx to TCr significantly decreased on the second day after surgery (P <0.05, P <0.01). The mean free Glx concentrations in both the serum and the muscles different were not significant between on the second day after surgery and on the day before surgery.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The results of MRS application in reflecting the effects of surgical trauma on muscular Glx metabolism are consistent with those of RP-HPLC. It is feasible to apply MRS in the study of muscular Gln and Glu metabolism.</p>

Measurement of glutamine concentration in Zelanian rabbits' skeletal muscle by non-invasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the feasibility of non-invasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in measuring glutamine (GLN) level in Zelanian rabbits' skeletal muscle.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Non-invasive MRS was used to get the data of peak height ratio of GLN + glutamic acid (GLx) at 3.8 ppm and creatine (Cr) at 3.0 ppm, peak area ratio of GLx at 3.8 ppm and Cr at 3.0 ppm. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to examine the actual GLx levels of muscle from 22 Zelanian rabbits. The feasibility of MRS was then evaluated by HPLC method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The ratio of peak height and peak area of GLx and Cr by means of MRS were 0.162 +/- 0.045 and 0.092 +/- 0.065, respectively. The average concentration of GLx in skeletal muscle by means of HPLC was (4.19 +/- 2.50) micromol/g. The ratio of GLx and plasma Cr level by means of HPLC was 4.576 -/+ 0.599. The ratio of peak height and peak area of GLx and Cr by means of MRS were correlated significantly with the ratio of concentration of GLx in skeletal muscle and plasma Cr by means of HPLC (r = 0.7, P = 0.001; r = 0.6, P = 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Non-invasive MRS is feasible to measure GLN level in skeletal muscle of rabbit.</p>

Application of nutrigenomics in clinical nutrition / 中国医学科学院学报

In the past decade, the focus of nutritional study shifted from epidemiology and physiology to molecular biology. Advanced research strategies and technologies including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and system biology have been gradually applied in clinical nutrition. This article reviews the effects of nutrients on gene expressions, application of modern molecular biology in clinical nutrition, as well as the advances and challenges in recent years..

Single nucleotide polymorphisms, inflammation and nutrition of genes / 中国医学科学院学报

Inflammation is part of the immune response, and inflammation may also induce or exaggerate some diseases through production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. More evidence have shown that the individual level of cytokine production is affected by single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine genes. Furthermore, as several nutrients participate in DNA protection and stabilization, altering gene expression and individual phenotype, nutrition has important interaction with inflammation. The purpose of this review is to give a recent update informations on the interaction of single nucleotide polymorphisms, inflammation and nutrition.