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Objective@#To analyze the long-term trend of mortality and years of life lost (YLL) of gastric cancer in Tianjin from 1999 to 2015.@*Methods@#From January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2015, the data of gastric cancer deaths was collected from the Tianjin death surveillance system. The inclusion criteria of death due to gastric cancer were coded by using 151 in the 9th edition of the international classification of diseases (ICD) (1999-2002) and C16 in the 10th edition of ICD (2003-2015). The crude and age-standardized mortality rate (ASR) of gastric cancer was calculated according to Segi′s world standard population. YLL was calculated according to the standard method of the disease burden of WHO. The Joinpoint regression was used to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) to indicate the trend of mortality and YLL of gastric cancer.@*Results@#From 1999 to 2015, there were 20 000 deaths of gastric cancer in Tianjin. The proportion of gastric cancer death in the population aged 0-44 years old, 45-64 years old, and 65 years old and above was 4.9%, 30.4%, and 64.8%, respectively. The proportion of males and urban was 67.1% and 67.5%, respectively. From 1999 to 2015, the crude mortality rate was from 12.10/100 000 to 12.58/100 000. The ASR was from 11.04/100 000 to 7.24/100 000. The average annual YLL number was 29 625.83 person-years and the rate was 3.09 person-years per thousand people. From 1999 to 2015, the crude mortality rate and the PYLL of gastric cancer in Tianjin were stable (the AAPC was 0.34% and -0.24%, all P values >0.05). The ASR showed a downward trend (AAPC=-2.58%, P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#From 1999 to 2015, the ASR of gastric cancer in Tianjin showed a downward trend, and the YLL of gastric cancer was stable.
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Objective@#To understand the status quo of smoking and change pattern of smoking related behaviors in the past 20 years in the urban adults in Tianjin.@*Methods@#Data was from the study of Chinese Chronic Disease and Risk Factors (2015). Multi stage stratified random sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey in 7 surveillance sites in Tianjin.@*Results@#in the urban residents aged>20 years were compared with those in surveys in 1996 and 2010. Results In 2015, the smoking rate in men and women aged>20 years in Tianjin were 41.1% and 4.5% respectively. The average age of starting smoking was (19.2±4.7) years for men and (24.8±10.9) years for women, showing a younger age trend. Compared with the data from 1996 and 2010, the smoking rate in the urban residents was in decrease, but the rate of successful smoking cessation was in increase in 2015, the differences were significant.@*Conclusions@#Since 1996, the rate of smoking in the urban residents of Tianjin has been in decline, however it is still at a high level, especially in women. The average age of starting smoking remains to be younger. It is necessary to strengthen the health education about harm of smoking in adolescents.
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Objective@#To investigate the mortality of colorectal cancer and its trend from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin, China, and to explore the mortality features in different populations in order to provide data for prevention and control strategies of colorectal cancer.@*Methods@#Colorectal cancer mortality data between 1999 and 2015 were collected from Tianjin population - based mortality surveillance system maintained by the Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Population data of permanent residents were collected from Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau. The number of new cases and deaths, incidence [including crude incidence, age-adjusted standardized incidence and 95% confidence interval (95% CI)], and mortality (including crude mortality, age-adjusted standardized mortality and 95% CI) of colorectal cancer were calculated. Standardized incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer were calculated using the Segi′s world standard population, adjusted with age and gender. JoinPoint regression and Cochran-Armitage trend test were used to determine the statistical significance of differences in mortality trend.@*Results@#A total of 31 376 new onset cases and 14 893 death cases of colorectal cancer were observed in Tianjin from 1999 to 2015. Colorectal cancer incidence increased from 1999 to 2015 with a standardized rate from 9.66/100 000 to 15.36/100 000 [annual percent change(APC)=3.48%, Z=23.21, P<0.001]. Colorectal cancer mortality increased from 1999 to 2015 with a standardized rate from 5.18/100 000 to 6.11/100 000 (APC=1.24%, Z=5.69, P<0.001). Both showed an increasing trend. The death proportion of colon cancer increased (39.67% in 1999 and 50.33% in 2015), while the death proportion of rectal caner decreased (60.33% in 1999 and 48.57% in 2015). The median age of colorectal cancer onset fluctuated steadily around 66 years old (APC=0.16, T=1.75, P=0.100); the median age of death increased from 69 to 73 years old (APC=0.43, T=8.81, P<0.001). From 1999 to 2015, the mortality of colorectal cancer showed a downward trend (all P<0.05) in the age groups of <35 and 35-44 years, while an upward trend (all P<0.05) in the age groups of 45-54 years, 55-64 years and ≥ 65 years. Colorectal cancer mortality in males increased with a standardized rate of 5.53/100 000 in 1999 to 7.33/100 000 in 2015(APC=2.29%, Z=7.86, P<0.001), while colorectal cancer mortality in females flatted with a standardized rate of 4.83/100 000 in 1999 to 4.89/100 000 in 2015 (APC=0.10%, Z=-0.30, P=0.752). Colorectal cancer mortality increased with a standardized rate of 6.75/100 000 in 1999 to 7.33/100 000 in 2015 (APC=0.54%, Z=1.98, P=0.048) in urban areas and of 3.18/100 000 in 1999 to 4.38/100 000 in 2015 (APC=2.47, Z=6.46, P<0.001) in rural areas, whose differences were significant. Standardized mortality rate in rural area was lower but the rising velocity was faster as compared to urban area.@*Conclusions@#Crude mortality and standardized mortality of colorectal cancer increase from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin population. The people of elder, male and urban area have higher mortality. The mortality in people of male and rural area presents a faster rising state. Further efforts to reduce colorectal cancer mortality in Tianjin are needed to prevention and control of colorectal cancer.
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From 1999 to 2015, there were 6 186 cases of leukemia deaths in tianjin residents, the males accounted for 58.28% (3 605) and 52.31% (3 236) deaths lived in urban areas; the crude mortality rate of Leukemia increased from 3.47/100 000 to 4.28/100 000 [t=7.09, P<0.001, annual percent change (APC)=1.30%] and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 3.15/100 000 to 3.01/100 000 (t=-2.95, P=0.006, APC=-0.65%). Special attention should be focused on children, the elderly, males and rural residents.
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Objective@#To explore the trends and distribution of cerebral infarction between sexes, ages and urban-rural areas from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin, China, and provide data for targeted prevention and control strategies of cerebral infarction in Tianjin.@*Methods@#Cerebral infarction mortality data from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2015 were obtained from Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system established by the Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and population data of permanent residents were obtained from Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau. The trends change and affecting factors including gender, age, and geographic distribution on mortality following cerebral infarction were analyzed.@*Results@#(1) Cerebral infarction mortality rate in Tianjin increased from 1999 to 2015 with the crude mortality rate of 57.06/100 000 to 105.22/100 000 (Z=59.65, P<0.01, annual percent change(APC)=3.39%) and decreased with the standardized mortality rate from 55.59/100 000 to 56.12/100 000 (Z=-5.47, P<0.01, APC=-0.35%). (2) The crude mortality rate (64.23/100 000 to 118.72/100 000) and standardized mortality rate (65.44/100 000 to 67.23/100 000) of male cerebral infarction was higher than that of female (crude: 49.73/100 000 to 91.64/1/100 000, standardized: 45.73/100 000 to 45.01/100 000) from 1999 to 2015. (3) With the increase of age, the mortality of cerebral infarction increased gradually from 1999 to 2015 (all Z>0.00,all P<0.01). (4) The mortality rate of cerebral infarction in urban areas increased with the crude mortality rate from 71.43/100 000 to 103.20/100 000 (Z=17.34, P<0.01, APC=1.30%) and decreased with the standardized mortality rate from 61.04/100 000 to 43.77/100 000 (Z=-32.49, P<0.01, APC=-3.06%) from 1999 to 2015. The mortality rate of cerebral infarction in rural areas increased with the crude mortality rate from 42.63/100 000 to 107.32/100 000 (Z=69.14, P<0.01, APC=5.95%) and with the standardized mortality rate from 48.34/100 000 to 77.09/100 000 (Z=36.88, P<0.01, APC=5.95%) from 1999 to 2015.@*Conclusions@#Cerebral infarction crude mortality increased and standardized mortality decreased from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin. Further efforts to reduce cerebral infarction mortality in Tianjin are needed, special attention should be focused on the elderly, male and rural residents.
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Objective@#To explore the trends and distribution of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality of the residents with different characteristics from 2000 to 2016 in Tianjin.@*Methods@#COPD mortality data in 2000-2016 were from Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system. The mortality rate of COPD, difference in the rate by gender, age, and geographic distribution, and the trend over years were analyzed. Age-sex-standardized mortality rates of COPD were calculated using the year 2000 world standard population. Joinpoint regression and Cochran-Armitage trend analysis were used to examine the trend of mortality.@*Results@#The crude COPD mortality rate in Tianjin decreased from 57.57/100 000 in 2000 to 28.23/100 000 in 2016 (annual percent change (APC)=-5.01%, Z=-64.76, P<0.001), and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 56.53/100 000 in 2000 to13.88/100 000 in 2016 (APC=-9.17%, Z=-100.83, P<0.001). The crude COPD mortality rate of males decreased from 54.57/100 000 to 27.77/100 000 (APC=-4.89%, Z=-43.63, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 57.52/100 000 to 14.63/100 000 (APC=-9.07%, Z=-71.48, P<0.001). The crude COPD mortality rate of females decreased from 60.63/100 000 to 28.68/100 000 (APC=-5.12%, Z=-47.92, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 55.53/100 000 to 13 13/100 000 (APC=-9.27%, Z=-71.13, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of COPD in urban areas decreased from 45.07/100 000 to 19.54/100 000 (APC=-5.35%, Z=-42.38, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 39.24/100 000 to 7.45/100 000 (Z=-63.97, P<0.001, APC=-10.22%). The crude mortality rate of COPD in rural areas decreased from 70.20/100 000 to 37.24/100 000 (APC=-4.77%, Z=-48.77, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 78.88/100 000 to 25.70/100 000 (APC=-7.59%, Z=-72.43, P<0.001). The COPD mortality rate in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas (P<0.001). The COPD mortality rate in 35 years old and over decreased from 2000 to 2016 (P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#The COPD mortality in Tianjin decreased from 2000 to 2016. More efforts are need to reduce COPD mortality in Tianjin, in particular people in rural areas.
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Objective@#To explore the trends and distribution of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) mortality of the residents with different characteristics from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin.@*Methods@#ICH mortality data in 1999-2015 were from Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system. The mortality rate of ICH, difference in the rate by gender, age, and geographic distribution, and trends over the years were analyzed. Standardized mortality rates of ICH were calculated using the year 2000 world standard population. Joinpoint regression and Cochran-Armitage trend were used to examine the trends in mortality.@*Results@#A total of 102 279 ICH death cases were observed in Tianjin from year 1999 to 2015. The crude ICH mortality rate in Tianjin decreased from 76.35/100 000 in 1999 to 51.46/100 000 in 2015 (annual percent change (APC)=-1.96%, Z=-31.08, P<0.001) , and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 72.41/100 000 to 29.00/100 000 (APC=-5.20%, Z=-70.91, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of ICH mortality in males decreased from 87.26/100 000 to 59.89/100 000 (APC=-1.79%, Z=-21.71, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 85.65/100 000 to 35.75/100 000 (APC=-4.93%, Z=-52.32, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of ICH mortality in females decreased from 65.21/100 000 to 42.98/100 000 (APC=-2.18%, Z=-22.28, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 59.17/100 000 to 22.26/100 000 (APC=-5.63%, Z=-48.15, P<0.001). The ICH mortality rate under 35 years old increased from 0.78/100 000 to 0.92/100 000 (APC=4.41%, Z=5.07, P<0.001), especially in males increasing from 0.90/100 000 to 1.54/100 000 (APC=6.59%, Z=6.52, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of ICH in urban areas decreased from 69.74/100 000 to 41.79/100 000 (APC=-3.18%, Z=-31.43, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 57.56/100 000 to 20.42/100 000 (APC=-6.59%, Z=-53.43, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of ICH in rural areas decreased from 82.99/100 000 to 61.49/100 000 (APC=-1.10%, Z=-14.06, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 91.55/100 000 to 43.14/100 000 (APC=-3.78%, Z=-43.21, P<0.001). The ICH mortality rate in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#ICH mortality rate in Tianjin decreased from 1999 to 2015. Further efforts to reduce ICH mortality in Tianjin is needed, in particular males, under 35 years old, and people in rural areas.
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Objective@#To explore the trends change in mortality following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin, China.@*Methods@#AMI mortality data from 1999 to 2015 were obtained from Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system operated by the Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and population data of permanent residents were obtained from Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau. The trends change and affecting factors including gender, age, and geographic distribution on mortality following AMI were analyzed.@*Results@#(1)The standardized mortality rate of AMI in Tianjin from 1999 to 2015 was 52.32/100 000 to 48.62/100 000. Adjusted AMI mortality rate from 1999 to 2013 was 52.32/100 000 to 73.72/100 000, indicating an increased trend(Z=32.15, P<0.001)with an annual percent change (APC) of 2.53%. Adjusted AMI mortality rate was decreased from 2013 to 2015: 73.72/100 000 to 48.62/100 000 (Z=-22.80, P<0.001), and APC was -19.07%. Above trends change was similar for male and female residents (all P<0.001). (2)The AMI standardized mortality rate of male was significantly higher than that of female during the 17 years. The AMI standardized mortality of male was significantly higher than that of female in<35, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64 and ≥65 years old group, respectively. AMI mortality rate increased with age. (3)Except in the year of 2002 and 2003, the AMI mortality rate were significantly higher in rural residents than in urban residents during this study period (P<0.001). Adjusted AMI mortality in urban residents increased from 1999 to 2009(Z=8.05, P<0.001, APC=1.43%), and decreased in the year from 2009 to 2015 (Z=-18.71, P<0.001, APC=-6.32%). Adjusted AMI mortality in rural residents increased in the year of 1999 to 2013(Z=56.05, P<0.001, APC=5.84%), and decreased in the year of 2013 to 2015 (Z=-24.40, P<0.001, APC=-21.35%).@*Conclusions@#Our results suggest that AMI mortality in Tianjin increased from 1999 to 2013, and decreased from 2013 to 2015, and male and rural residents have higher AMI mortality. Related prevention and intervention measures should be taken to decrease AMI mortality, especially for male and rural residents.
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Objective@#To observe the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between 1999 and 2013 in Tianjin residents and analyze the incidence differences on residents with various age, gender and living in urban or rural areas. The data might help for targeted prevention strategies among Tianjin residents.@*Methods@#AMI incidence data between 1999 and 2013 were obtained based on Tianjin cardiovascular disease incidence surveillance registry established by the Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Related information such as permanent residents′ population data were obtained from Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau. The Chinese population data in 2000 were used for age-sex-standardized rates estimation. Difference between two (or more) independent groups was compared by the Chi Square statistics. The Chi-square test for trend was used for computing the incidence trend in years and ages.@*Results@#AMI incidence rate in Tianjin declined from the year 1999 to 2013 with the rude incidence rate of 80.46/100 000 to 81.29/100 000, and with the standardized incidence rate of 64.85/100 000 to 44.57/100 000 (Z=-35.767, P<0.001). AMI incidence decreased gradually in residents aged over 45 years old (P<0.01), but increased in residents younger than 45 years old (P<0.001) from 1999 to 2013. The AMI incidence rate is consistently higher in male residents (rude incidence 99.89/100 000-102.98/100 000, standardized incidence rate 78.53/100 000-56.61/100 000) than in female residents (rude incidence 61.18/100 000-59.44/100 000, standardized incidence rate 50.31/100 000-31.76/100 000, both P<0.001) and higher in urban residents (rude incidence rate 133.98/100 000-98.02/100 000, standardized incidence rate 99.89/100 000-50.12/100 000) than in rural residents (rude incidence rate 35.57/100 000-66.19/100 000, standardized incidence rate 32.68/100 000-43.51/100 000, Z=6.217, P<0.001). AMI incidence decreased significantly in the urban residents (rude incidence rate 133.98/100 000-98.02/100 000, standardized incidence rate 99.89/100 000-50.12/100 000, Z=-46.968, P<0.001), while significantly increased in rural residents (rude incidence rate 35.57/100 000-66.19/100 000, standardized incidence rate 32.68/100 000-43.51/100 000, Z=6.217, P<0.001) during the study period.@*Conclusions@#The general incidence of AMI decreased during the study period in Tianjin residents. However, AMI incidence significantly increased in young male residents and rural residents. It is necessary to develop corresponding strategies for AMI control for Tianjin residents with different age/gender and living in different areas.
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Objective To explore the trends and distribution of premature mortality caused by four main non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,cancer,chronic respiratory disease and diabetes in different sex and residential areas in Tianjin so as to provide basis for setting up prevention and control programs on premature mortality.Methods Population data on premature mortality in 1999-2015 were from the'Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system'maintained by Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Data related to permanent residents was from the Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau.Standardized premature mortality rates were calculated and adjusted for age and gender according to the ‘2000 world standard population'.Premature mortality probabilities were analyzed according to the methods recommended by WHO.Joinpoint regression and Cochran-Armitage trend methods were used to determine the significance of differences on the trends of mortality.Results From 1999 to 2015,the prematmre mortality appeared consistent (P＜0.001) declining in the above-said four diseases with the APC of probabilities as-2.92％,-1.13％,-9.51％ and-3.39％,respectively.The probabilities of premature mortality were all declining consistently in both men and women and in both urban and rural areas in Tianjin.From 1999 to 2015,the probabilities of the four main NCDs were between 19.67％ and 12.85％ (APC=-2.49％,P＜0.001),higher in women (from 17.02％ to 9.17％,APC=-3.84％,P＜0.001) than that in men (from 22.27％ to 16.47％,APC=-1.59％,P＜0.001),in urban (from 21.04％ to 12.34％,APC=-3.26％,P＜0.001) than that in rural areas (from 17.80％ to 13.54％,APC=-1.54％,P＜0.001).Conclusion Our findings suggested that premature mortality in Tianjin was decreasing during 1999-2015 but attention should still be called for on males and people living in the rural areas to further reducing the premature mortality.
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We described the time trend of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from 1999 to 2013 in Tianjin incidence rate with Cochran-Armitage trend (CAT) test and linear regression analysis,and the results were compared.Based on actual population,CAT test had much stronger statistical power than linear regression analysis for both overall incidence trend and age specific incidence trend (Cochran-Armitage trend P value＜linear regression P value).The statistical power of CAT test decreased,while the result of linear regression analysis remained the same when population size was reduced by 100 times and AMI incidence rate remained unchanged.The two statistical methods have their advantages and disadvantages.It is necessary to choose statistical method according the fitting degree of data,or comprehensively analyze the results of two methods.
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Objective To explore the trends and distribution of premature mortality caused by four main non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,cancer,chronic respiratory disease and diabetes in different sex and residential areas in Tianjin so as to provide basis for setting up prevention and control programs on premature mortality.Methods Population data on premature mortality in 1999-2015 were from the'Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system'maintained by Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Data related to permanent residents was from the Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau.Standardized premature mortality rates were calculated and adjusted for age and gender according to the ‘2000 world standard population'.Premature mortality probabilities were analyzed according to the methods recommended by WHO.Joinpoint regression and Cochran-Armitage trend methods were used to determine the significance of differences on the trends of mortality.Results From 1999 to 2015,the prematmre mortality appeared consistent (P＜0.001) declining in the above-said four diseases with the APC of probabilities as-2.92％,-1.13％,-9.51％ and-3.39％,respectively.The probabilities of premature mortality were all declining consistently in both men and women and in both urban and rural areas in Tianjin.From 1999 to 2015,the probabilities of the four main NCDs were between 19.67％ and 12.85％ (APC=-2.49％,P＜0.001),higher in women (from 17.02％ to 9.17％,APC=-3.84％,P＜0.001) than that in men (from 22.27％ to 16.47％,APC=-1.59％,P＜0.001),in urban (from 21.04％ to 12.34％,APC=-3.26％,P＜0.001) than that in rural areas (from 17.80％ to 13.54％,APC=-1.54％,P＜0.001).Conclusion Our findings suggested that premature mortality in Tianjin was decreasing during 1999-2015 but attention should still be called for on males and people living in the rural areas to further reducing the premature mortality.
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We described the time trend of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from 1999 to 2013 in Tianjin incidence rate with Cochran-Armitage trend (CAT) test and linear regression analysis,and the results were compared.Based on actual population,CAT test had much stronger statistical power than linear regression analysis for both overall incidence trend and age specific incidence trend (Cochran-Armitage trend P value＜linear regression P value).The statistical power of CAT test decreased,while the result of linear regression analysis remained the same when population size was reduced by 100 times and AMI incidence rate remained unchanged.The two statistical methods have their advantages and disadvantages.It is necessary to choose statistical method according the fitting degree of data,or comprehensively analyze the results of two methods.
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Objective To explore the causes of death and life expectancy after elimination of main causes of disease in residents of Tianjin. Methods The death registry data of Tianjin residents in 2014 were collected and coded in“international classification of disease, 10th edition”. The crude death rate and life expectancy after elimination of main causes of disease were calculated, respectively. Results In 2014, the crude death rate in Tianjin residents was 70.708 per million, while in male and female were 78.728 and 62.637 per million respectively. The main cause of death in Tianjin residents was non-communicable disease. The top four death causes were heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease and respiratory disease, accounting for 31.5%, 23.6%, 22.2% and 8.3% of the total death. The top four life expectancy lost diseases were heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, cancer and respiratory disease, with a 6.46 year, 3.28 year, 3.11 year and 1.25 year life increase respectively. Conclusion Non-communicable diseases are the major reason of death and life expectancy lost disease in Tianjin residents, which needs urgent effective intervention to control.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the smoking-attributed mortality by inclusion of smoking information into all causes of death surveillance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Since 2010, the information about smoking status, smoking history and the number of cigarettes smoked daily had been added in death surveillance system. The measures of training, supervision, check, sampling survey and telephone verifying were taken to increase death reporting rate and reduce data missing rate and underreporting rate. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for smoking-attributed mortality.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During the study period (2010-2014), the annual death reporting rates ranged from 6.5‰ to 7.0‰. The reporting rates of smoking status, smoking history and the number of cigarettes smoked daily were 95.53%, 98.63% and 98.58%, respectively. Compared with the nonsmokers, the RR of males was 1.38 (1.33-1.43) for all causes of death and 3.07 (2.91-3.24) for lung cancer due to smoking, the RR of females was 1.46 (1.39-1.54) for all causes of death and 4.07 (3.81-4.35) for lung cancer due to smoking, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study of smoking attributed mortality can be developed with less investment by using the stable and effective all causes of death surveillance system in Tianjin.</p>
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Female , Humans , Male , Cause of Death , China , Epidemiology , Logistic Models , Lung Neoplasms , Mortality , Multivariate Analysis , Population Surveillance , Methods , Risk Factors , Smoking , MortalityABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the acute effect of air pollution on mortality for patients with cardio cerebral vascular disease and to provide the basis for disease prevention and control. Methods: The Mortality for patients with cardio cerebral vascular disease from 2001-01 to 2009-12 was from Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the meteorological and air pollution data were from Tianjin meteorological bureau and Tianjin environmental monitoring station respectively. The Single and multiple generalized additive model (GAM) extended poisson regression analysis was performed to calculate the relationship between air pollution and cardio-cerebral vascular disease mortality by controlling the time trends, weather, the day of week and air population. Results: Results: Single GAM analysis indicated that when the effect of SO2, NO2 and PM10 in the air reached the maximum in the day, the RR values for the mortality in patients with cardio-cerebral vascular disease increased 1.13%[95%CI (0.76-1.51)%], 0.78% [95%CI ( 0.41-1.15)%] and 0.61% [95%CI ( 0.51-0.71)%] respectively; when the average concentration of SO2, NO2 and PM10 increasing 10μg/m3 per day, after 0-5 days, the RR values for the mortality elevated 0.70% [95%CI (0.47-0.94)%], 0.51% [95%CI (0.27-0.74)%] and 0.16% [95%CI (0.06-0.27)%] respectively. Multiple GAM analysis presented that when SO2, NO2 and PM10 increasing 10 μg/m3 per day, the RR values for the mortality elevated 0.77% [95%CI (0.58-0.97)%], 0.41% [95%CI (0.05-0.78) %] and 0.38% [95%CI (0.12-0.64%)%] respectively. Conclusion: The air pollution could increase the mortality risk in patients with cardio-cerebral vascular disease, it is necessary to establish the prevention system in order to decrease the mortality risk in those patients.
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Objective To know the prevalence and distribution of Internet Addiction Disorder(IAD) among the adolescent students in urban districts in Tianjin.Methods This survey was carried out during November,2006 to April,2007 with Stratified cluster random sampling method.8225 questionnaires were valid among 8694 participants.Xing Yi's IAD diagnosis standard was used on the survey.Internet Addiction Tendency(IAT)by our definition was those students who had 3 or 4 of 10 indicators.The national standard population proportion of school students from junior high school to college in 2000 were used in weighing cases by power.Results 1.The detection rates of IAD between students online 2,3 or 4 hours per day were significantly different of the check out rate of IAD from the students on-line 2,3,or 4 hours per day,except time factor in the indicators;2.The detection rates of IAD between students with different learning stage or education system were also significantly different;the highest rate was among the students at special technical secondary school(11.69%),then followed by technical college and college students(6.74% and 6.73%),and junior high school and senior high school students(5.98% and 5.95%).The detection rates of IAT were increased by learning stage;the lowest rate was 8.65% in junior high school students,followed by 12.11% in high school students,13.96% in technical secondary school students,15.58% in technical college students and 16.73% in college students;3.After weighing case by power on learning stage or education system,the total IAD prevalence was 6.90%,9.50% for boys and 4.17% for girls.Total IAT prevalence was 11.78%,14.43% for boys and 8.96% for girls;4.For students in area with higher economic level,the rates of IAD and IAT were 4.16% and 8.27%,respectively,lower than those in other economic levels;5.Both IAD and IAT prevalent rates were no significant difference between the key high schools and common high schools.Conclusion The students of special technical secondary schools are high risk population for IAD and IAT.Students in area with higher level of economic have lower rates of IAD and IAT.It is suggested that it is needed to carry out health education on Internet using among the adolescent students together with family,school and social good environment.
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Objective To evaluate the relationship between Internet addiction disorder(IAD),Internet addiction tendency(IAT) and behavior type A of young students aged ≥16 years in urban districts,Tianjin.Based on the result,the intervention resolution suggestion was put forward.Methods 4 484students(male2 331,female2 153) anonymously completed the Questionnaire on Situation of Internet Using of Students compiled for this study and the Questionnaire on types of Northern Chinese adult's Behavior.All data was recorded with the evaluating system for adolescent Internet addiction.Result There are 306(6.82%) cases of IAD and 600(13.83%) of IAT among the students.The screened positive rate in boys was 9.87% for IAD and 15.66% for IAT,which significantly higher than those in girls(3.53%,10.92%).The rates in students with behavior type A and type M were the same but significantly higher than that in students with behavior type B.After weighing cases by power on learning stage and sex,the results showed the prevalent rates of IAD and IAT in students with behavior type A and type sub-A were significantly higher than those in students with behavior type M,type sub-B and type B.After weighing cases by power only on learning stage,the positive rates of IAD were higher in students with behavior type A(8.87% in high school students,11.11% in college students) than those in students with type M(7.77%,7.81%) and type B(4.35%,4.44%).Conclusions The results show a significant relationship between IA and behavior type A in students.It should be strengthened to take psychological intervention for young students,especially for students with high risk of IA and IAT in senior high schools.
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Objective To investigate the status of internet addiction among adolescent students of Tianjin and analyze its related factors.Methods Stratification cluster random sampling method was used in this questionnaire survey among nine schools of Tianjin.The data was analyzed by logistic regression with SPSS11.5.Results The results showed that the Family harmony(OR=0.433),good personal education achievement(0.645),and sports participation(0.705) were the protective factors,while the Family member accident(OR=1.735) was the risk factor for IAD in adolescent students.Good Family economic conditions(OR=0.793),Family harmony(0.778),good personal education achievement(0.787),and sports participation(0.750) were the protective factors,while subsidization(OR=1.404) and family member accident(1.244) were the risk factors for IAT in adolescent students.Conclusion Family has close relationship with the formation of adolescents' IAD.Besides,personal education achievement and sports participation also have good influence on the formation of IAD.
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Objective To understand the current status of blood pressure and to analyze its influence factors in rural residents in Tianjin.Methods Total 2 390 754 rural residents aged over 15 yrs were detected on their blood pressure by the trained professional staffs with standard method,then calculated the mean of blood pressure and hypertension prevalent rate,compared with results of Village I of National Nutrition and Health Situation Investigation in 2002.After population standardized,a multivariate analysis was done on hypertension in subjects.Results The average SBP was(125.91?18.99)mm Hg,average DBP was(80.44?10.77)mm Hg;hypertension prevalent rate was 31.57%(33.08% for male and 30.18% for female).The general hypertension prevalence was higher than that of the national level;after standardized with China population in 2000,the prevalent rate of hypertension in the group aged over 18 yrs was nearly 50% higher than that in national level.The multivariate analysis showed that the affected factors for hypertension of rural residents included age,gender,region,education level,smoking,alcohol drinking and obesity.Conclusions Hypertension had become a popular and serious public health problem.To prevent and control hypertension should be one of the key issues of chronic diseases prevention in rural area.