Secuelas cognitivas en encefalitis inmunomediadas: cohorte de pacientes en Argentina / Cognitive sequelae in immunomediated encephalitis: cohort of patients in Argentina

Resumen Introducción: Las encefalitis inmunomediadas son un desorden neurológico de origen autoinmune. Actual mente es escasa la descripción de las secuelas cognitivas crónicas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar la secuela cognitiva de diferentes tipos de encefalitis inmunomediadas en una cohorte de un centro único de Argentina. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, trans versal, de pacientes en seguimiento en un hospital de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, con diagnóstico de encefalitis inmunomediada probable y definitiva. Se evaluaron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas, paraclínicas y tra tamiento. Se determinó la secuela cognitiva a través de una evaluación neurocognitiva realizada a partir del año de la presentación clínica. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 15 pacientes, todos con resultado disminuido en al menos un test. La memoria fue el dominio más afectado. Aquellos que se encon traban bajo tratamiento inmunosupresor al momento de evaluarse presentaron menores resultados en el aprendizaje seriado (media -2.94; desvío estándar 1.54) versus los que se encontraban sin tratamiento (media -1.18; desvío estándar 1.40; p = 0.05) y en la prueba de reconocimiento (media -10.34; desvío estándar 8.02) ver sus sin tratamiento (media -1.39; desvío estándar 2.21; p = 0.003). Los pacientes con estatus epiléptico tuvieron resultados deficitarios en la prueba de reconocimiento (media -7.2; desvío estándar 7.91) en comparación a los que no lo tenían (media -1.47; desvío estándar 2.34; p = 0.05). Conclusión: Nuestros resultados demuestran que, a pesar del curso monofásico de la enfermedad, todos los pacientes presentan daño cognitivo persistente más allá del año del inicio del cuadro. Estudios prospectivos de mayor envergadura serían necesarios para confirmar nuestros hallazgos.

Abstract Introduction: Autoimmune encephalitis represents a group of immune-mediated neurological disorders. At present, the description of the chronic cognitive sequela is scarce. The objective of this study was to characterize the cognitive after effects of different types of autoimmune encephalitis in a cohort from a single center in Argentina. Methods: Prospective, observational, cross-sectional study of patients under follow-up at a hospital in Buenos Aires city, with a diagnosis of probable and definitive immune-mediated encephalitis. Epidemiological, clini cal, paraclinical and treatment related variables were evaluated. Cognitive sequela was determined through a neurocognitive evaluation performed at least a year after the clinical presentation. Results: Fifteen patients were included. All had di minished results in at least one test. Memory was the most affected domain. Patients who were under im munosuppressive treatment at the time of evaluation presented lower results in serial learning (mean -2.94; standard deviation 1.54) versus those who weren't under treatment (mean -1.18; standard deviation 1.40; p = 0.05). The same pattern was observed on the recognition test of treatment group (mean -10.34; standard deviation 8.02) versus treatment-free group (mean -1.39; standard deviation 2.21; p =0.003). Patients with status epilepticus had poorer results in the recognition test (mean -7.2; standard deviation 7.91) compared to those without it (mean -1.47; standard deviation 2.34; p = 0.05). Conclusion: Our results show that, despite the mo nophasic course of this disease, all patients had persis tent cognitive damage beyond the year of onset. Larger prospective studies are required to confirm our findings.

Fractura intraarticular de calcáneo asociada a lesión de ligamentos colaterales laterales del tobillo / Intra-articular fracture of the calcaneus associated with injury to lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle

Resumen: Las fracturas de calcáneo son las más frecuentes del tarso (3.5% de todas las fracturas). Afectan a adultos jóvenes, siendo más frecuentes en hombres (5.9:1). Por otro lado, las lesiones ligamentarias asociadas a fractura de calcáneo no son muy frecuentes. Presentamos un caso de un paciente de 39 años que sufrió entorsis de tobillo. Mostraba inestabilidad en flexión plantar e inversión. Radiografías mostraron una fractura de calcáneo. Durante la cirugía se evidenció una lesión completa del complejo ligamentario lateral. Se realizó la reducción y osteosíntesis asociada a la reconstrucción ligamentaria. Ante fracturas de calcáneo es importante corroborar la estabilidad del tobillo. La falta de diagnóstico en este tipo de lesiones puede generar inestabilidades crónicas.

Abstract: Calcaneal fractures are the most frequent of the tarsus (3.5% of all fractures). Young adults are mainly affected, being more frequent in men (5.9:1). On the other hand, ligament injuries associated with fracture of the calcaneus are very infrequent. We describe a case of a 39 year old patient who suffered ankle trauma. He presented instability in plantar flexion and inversion. A fracture of the calcaneus was diagnosed. During surgery, a complete lesion of the lateral ligament complex was found. The reduction and osteosynthesis associated with ligament reconstruction was performed. We consider important to confirm the stability of the ankle after a calcaneus fracture. Lack of diagnosis in this type of injuries can evolve into chronic instability.

Repercusiones en la Cavidad Oral Causadas por la Infección con COVID-19

RESUMEN: Ante esta situación de la pandemia por el COVID-19, los odontólogos tienen un papel importante para detectar y apoyar en el diagnóstico temprano, dado que se están reportando efectos que esta infección ocasiona en la cavidad oral y que se relacionan con el inicio de este proceso infeccioso. Estos efectos se pueden relacionar con la presencia del virus SARS-CoV-2 o con las formas de los tratamientos que se le brinda al paciente, que van en desmedro de la salud oral de los pacientes. El objetivo de esta revisión es informar sobre las repercusiones que se pueden dar en la cavidad oral por la infección con COVID-19.

ABSTRACT: Faced with this situation of the COVID- 19 pandemic, dentists play an important role in detecting and supporting early diagnosis, since effects that this infection causes in the oral cavity and that are related to the onset are being reported. of this infectious process. These effects can be related to the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus or to the forms of treatments that are given to the patient, which are detrimental to the oral health of patients. The objective of this review is to inform about the repercussions that can occur in the oral cavity due to infection with COVID-19.

Medidas para Prevenir el COVID-19 en el Consultorio Dental / Measures to Prevent COVID-19 in the Dental Office

RESUMEN: El 11 de marzo del 2020, la OMS reconoció al COVID-19 como pandemia mundial. El coronavirus (COVID-19) ha desafiado a los sistemas de salud y demanda una rápida reacción de respuesta, ante el aumento de infectados. El ámbito del trabajo odontológico, está sujeto a un riesgo significativo de contaminación cruzada y difusión de esta enfermedad, siendo muy importante las estrictas medidas de protección. El objetivo de esta revisión es informar sobre las medidas que se deben realizar durante los tratamientos dentro del consultorio dental para prevenir la propagación del COVID-19.

ABSTRACT: On March 11, 2020, the WHO recognized COVID-19 as a global pandemic. The coronavirus (COVID-19) has challenged health systems and demands a quick response reaction, due to the increase in infected people. The field of dental work is subject to a significant risk of cross contamination and spread of this disease, with strict protection measures being very important. The aim of this review is to inform about the measures that must be carried out during treatments in the dental office to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

Caracterização do gene do choque térmico (HSP-70. 1) e sua relação com características de produção em bovinos leiteiros criados no semiárido brasileiro / Characterization of the thermal shock gene (HSP-70. 1) and its relationship with production characteristics in dairy cattle reared in the Brazilian semiarid

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a diversidade genética do gene HSP-70.1 e associar os polimorfismos encontrados com a performance de vacas leiteiras das raças Holandesa, Girolando (5/8H-G) e Sindi criadas em região do semiárido brasileiro. Os polimorfismos foram identificados e avaliados pela técnica de PCR-RFLP, usando-se a enzima de restrição EcoRII. Avaliou-se a variabilidade genética por meio do índice de diversidade padrão e da análise de variância molecular (AMOVA). Os polimorfismos identificados foram avaliados sobre as características de produção de leite. Foram identificados sete alelos, os quais demonstraram que houve polimorfismo para a região gênica analisada, e alguns alelos foram compartilhados entre os rebanhos. As raças bovinas Holandesa e Sindi foram similares geneticamente para o gene analisado. A AMOVA demonstrou que há variação genética entre os rebanhos e dentro deles, com a maior parte da variação ocorrendo dentro dos rebanhos para todos os grupos avaliados. Houve efeito dos alelos identificados sobre a produção de leite dos rebanhos das raças Holandesa (P<0,0001) e Girolando (P<0,0117). O gene HSP-70.1 foi polimórfico na população de bovinos leiteiros estudada, sendo, portanto, um marcador molecular promissor para avaliar a produção de leite de raças criadas em região semiárida.(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity of the HSP-70.1 gene and to associate the polymorphisms found with the performance of Holstein, Girolando (5/8H-G) and Sindi dairy cows raised in region of the Brazilian semiarid. Polymorphisms were identified and evaluated using the PCR-RFLP technique using the EcoRII restriction enzyme. Genetic variability was evaluated using the standard diversity index and molecular variance analysis (AMOVA). The identified polymorphisms were evaluated on the characteristics of milk production. They were identified from the seven alleles, demonstrating that there was polymorphism for the analyzed gene region and some alleles were shared among the herds. The Holstein and Sindi bovine breeds were genetically like the analyzed gene. AMOVA demonstrated that there is genetic variation between and within the herds, with most of the variation occurring within the herds for all groups evaluated. There was effect of the alleles identified on the production of milk herds of Holstein and (P<0.0001) Girolando (P<0.0117) breeds. The HSP-70.1 gene was polymorphic in the population of dairy cattle studied, and therefore a promising molecular marker to evaluate milk production of breeds created in semiarid regions.(AU)

Consideraciones para el manejo de un implante inmediato en alvéolos infectados: una actualización / Considerations for the management of an immediate implant in infected sockets: an update

Introducción: La instalación inmediata del implante posterior a la extracción dental se está convirtiendo en un procedimiento de rutina debido a la reducción del tiempo de tratamiento y a la preservación de las estructuras anatómicas remanentes. Sin embargo, en muchos casos esta técnica involucra dientes afectados con procesos infecciosos. Hasta ahora, no se ha descrito a ciencia cierta el grado de éxito o fracaso del implante inmediato en alvéolos infectados, ni se ha establecido un protocolo para el manejo de este tipo de casos. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica actualizada, para determinar qué consideraciones se deben tener para instalar un implante inmediato en alvéolos con procesos infecciosos. Conclusión: Es posible obtener las ventajas de la instalación inmediata del implante en alvéolos infectados mediante la aplicación de un adecuado manejo clínico, donde se considere un adecuado tratamiento antibiótico, acompañado de un correcto curetaje alveolar, respetar la cadena de asepsia y antisepsia, posición subcrestal del implante y obtener siempre una buena estabilidad primaria del implante (AU)

Introduction: The immediate placement of the implant after dental extraction is a procedure that every time is becoming a routine procedure due to the reduction of the treatment time and the preservation of the remaining anatomical structures. However, in many cases, this technique involves affected teeth with infectious processes. Until now, the degree of success or failure of the immediate implant in infected alveoli has not been described for sure; nor has a protocol been established for the management of these types of cases. Objective: Carry out an updated bibliographic review, to determine what considerations must be taken to install an immediate implant in alveoli with infectious processes. Conclusion: Is possible obtain the advantages of the immediate installation of the implant in infected alveoli through the application of adequate clinical management, where appropriate antibiotic treatment is considered, accompanied by proper alveolar curettage, respect the aseptic and antiseptic chain, implant subcrestal position and always obtain a good primary stability of the implant (AU)

Violencia escolar (bullying) en colegios estatales de primaria en el Perú / Bullying in primary national schools in Peru

Se efectuó un estudio de la violencia escolar (bullying) en colegios nacionales de primaria en Ayacucho, Cusco, Junín y Lima Este. Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia, respuesta de los compañeros de clase, padres, maestros y amigos al enterarse de la agresión. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal en una muestra de 916 escolares. Se usó un cuestionario validado con 30 item. En el análisis estadístico se usaron métodos bivariados y de regresión logística. Resultados: La incidencia de bullying fue de 47 por ciento. El 34 por ciento de los agredidos no comunican a nadie la agresión. A un 65 por ciento de compañeros no les interesa defender a las víctimas. Alrededor del 25 po ciento de maestros y padres de familiar no reaccionan ni protegen a las víctimas permitiendo que este proceso continué. Conclusiones: Se recomienda diseñar instrumentos para estudios de profundidad y favorecer la comunicación de las víctimas para romper la "Ley del Silencio".

We did a study about bullying in primary national schools from Ayacucho, Cusco, Junín and East Lima. Objetive: To know the incidence, the behavior of classmates, parents teachers and friends when they had the information about this violence. Material and methods: Cross sectional in a sample of 916 scholars. We used a validated questionnaire with 30 items, and did bivariate and logistic regression statistical analysis. Results: The incidence was 47 per cent , 334 per cent of victims never comunicate the aggresion. The 65 per cent of classmates are nor interested in protect the victims. Around 25 per cent of teachers and parents don't react, neither protect the victims and this kind of violence continue going on. Conclusions: We recommend design instruments to do deep studies and promote the comunication of the victims to destroy the "Silence Law".

Pre-electroconvulsive shock administration of calcium channel blockers reduces retrograde amnesia induced by ECS.

Effect of pre-electroconvulsive shock (ECS) administration of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) like verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine, nimodipine, flunarizine and cinnarizine on retrograde amnesia induced by ECS was examined using passive avoidance paradigm in rats. The groups (Gr 1-7) of adult, male Wistar rats received true ECS with CCBs (5mg/kg; i.p) or vehicle (10 ml/kg; ip) and other groups (Gr 8-14) received sham ECS with CCBs (5mg/kg; i.p) or vehicle (10 ml/kg; i.p). The anti-amnestic activity of CCBs were evaluated using the passive avoidance paradigm in rats. Results showed that, the baseline latencies for all the groups did not differ significantly. Rats receiving true ECS produced significantly lower latencies. There was increase in the post ECS step through latencies of the rats administered CCBs before ECS. Therefore, pre-ECS administration of calcium channel blockers might reduce retrograde amnesia produced by ECS without altering seizure duration.

Asistencia familiar: uso de la tabla porcentual / sss

La Ley de Abreviacion Procesal Civil de Asistencia Familiar 1760 a traves del Proceso por Audencia sin efecto los juicios sumarios la fijacion de Asistencia Familiar a fin de que el beneficiario reciba el monto de dinero fijado en forma oportuna y poder subvenir los gastos de premiosa necesidad como son los de alimentacion, vestido y vivienda. La asignacion de montos procentuales a traves de la Tabla, garantiza aquella prevision de la Ley en sentido de conservar la proporcion del monto fijado inicialmente para no convertir el proceso en inacabable. Esto solo es posible cuando de toma en cuenta el porcentaje de los ingresos del obligado en relacion con el numero de beneficiarios, hijos y en los casos de incremento salarial dictaminados por el gobierno central, efectuar el reajuste automatico, recomendado tambien por la Ley...

Effect of chemically different calcium antagonists on lipid profile in rats fed on a high fat diet.

Different classes of calcium antagonists, viz. verapamil (diphenylalkylamine), diltiazem (benzothiazepine), nifedipine, felodipine and nimodipine (dihydropyridines), were examined for their effects on lipid profile in rats. Clofibrate was the reference standard. Clofibrate significantly prevented the rise of serum triglycerides and total cholesterol produced by high fat diet and raised antiatherogenic index to 1.6 times than that of high fat diet controls. Of the calcium antagonists studied, felodipine was most effective in preventing the rise of serum triglycerides and total cholesterol in high fat diet fed rats. Felodipine's antiatherogenic index was very high (886%)--much more than that of clofibrate (303%). Diltiazem and nimodipine which also significantly prevented the rise in triglycerides and total cholesterol produced by high fat diet had a moderately beneficial antiatherogenic index similar to that of clofibrate. Though verapamil and nifedipine slightly increased the triglyceride levels, total cholesterol levels were reduced only by verapamil and not by nifedipine. Despite this both these drugs moderately raised antiatherogenic index similar to clofibrate.