Enteric dysbiosis-linked gut barrier disruption triggers early renal injury induced by chronic high salt feeding in mice

Chronic high-salt diet-associated renal injury is a key risk factor for the development of hypertension. However, the mechanism by which salt triggers kidney damage is poorly understood. Our study investigated how high salt (HS) intake triggers early renal injury by considering the ‘gut-kidney axis’. We fed mice 2% NaCl in drinking water continuously for 8 weeks to induce early renal injury. We found that the ‘quantitative’ and ‘qualitative’ levels of the intestinal microflora were significantly altered after chronic HS feeding, which indicated the occurrence of enteric dysbiosis. In addition, intestinal immunological gene expression was impaired in mice with HS intake. Gut permeability elevation and enteric bacterial translocation into the kidney were detected after chronic HS feeding. Gut bacteria depletion by non-absorbable antibiotic administration restored HS loading-induced gut leakiness, renal injury and systolic blood pressure elevation. The fecal microbiota from mice fed chronic HS could independently cause gut leakiness and renal injury. Our current work provides a novel insight into the mechanism of HS-induced renal injury by investigating the role of the intestine with enteric bacteria and gut permeability and clearly illustrates that chronic HS loading elicited renal injury and dysfunction that was dependent on the intestine.

Effects of polyglycosides of tripterygium wilfordii hook F on the relative data of ankle joints of model rats with adjuvant arthritis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Reumatoid arthritis (RA) is a well-known autoimmune disease. Recently, polyglycosides of tripterygium wilfordii hook F (T Ⅱ), a traditional Chinese herb, has been widely used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.But the effects of TⅡ on the joints' synovium inflammation and whether TⅡcan prevent the reumatoid arthritis need to be investigated further.OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of T Ⅱ on the relative data of ankle joints of adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats.DESIGN: A randomized controlled experiment based on rats. SETTING: Departments of Histology and Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University. MATERIALS: A total of 20 healthy clean grade female SD rats, aged 2 to 3 months old, weighing 185-215 g, were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of West China Medical Center of Sichuan University. Fre und's complete adjuvant (FCA) was produced by Sigma Company. TⅡ was produced by Zhuzhou 3rd pharmacy of Hunan Province (certification number: 2005 No 055172, 10 mg/pill).METHODS: The experiment was completed in Department of Histology and Embryology and Neurobiology in Sichuan University from May 2004 to March 2005. ① All the 20 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups with 5 rats in each group by lots: normal group, without Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) injection and TⅡ administration; model group, with FCA intradermal injection (0.2 mL) into the left hind paw and without TⅡ administration; TⅡ preventive group, first we use the same way as model group to replicate the AA model in rats, then on the 7th day AA rats were feed by TⅡ 30 mg/kg every day for 7 days; TⅡ therapeutic group, AA rats model were built with the same way as model group, on the 19th day AA rats were feed by TⅡ 30 mg/kg every day for 7 days. During this period, the swelling dimension of hind paw both primary and secondary are mea sured before immunization with FCA and after immunization, that was, on the 2nd, 10th, 15th, 19th, 22nd and 26th days. ② Arthritis index have been recorded according to inflammatory state of other three uninjected limbs.③ On the 28th day, all the rats were killed, the ankle joints are collected after perfusion-fixation. These joints were sectioned and colorated with H. E staining. Then we observe the histopathological changes in the synovium of ankle joints. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Swelling dimension of joints and arthritis index, histopathology of anklebone joint's synovium. RESULTS: All of the 20 rats completed the experiment without missing. ① On the 2nd day after FCA injection, the primary hind paw of other three groups beside normal group appeared obvious swelling; from 2nd to 26th days, the volume of hind paw in other three groups was larger than that of normal group (t=2.315-3.041, P ＜ 0.05). The volume of primary hind paw in TⅡ preventive group at different time points (10th, 15th, 19th, 22nd and 26th days) was obviously less than that of model group (t=2.064-2.683, P ＜ 0.05). The volume of primary hind paw in TⅡ therapeutic group on the 22nd and 26th days was less than that of model group (t=2.112-2.578, P ＜ 0.05). Fifteen days after FCA injection, the volume of secondary hind paw in model group and T Ⅱ therapeutic group was larger than that of normal group (t=2.201-2.546, P ＜ 0.05). On the 15th, 19th, 22nd and 26th days, the volume of secondary hind paw in T Ⅱ preventive group was obviously less than that of model group (t=2.373-2.425, P ＜ 0.05). The volume of secondary hind paw in T Ⅱ therapeutic group on the 26th day was obviously less than model group (P ＜ 0.05). ② On the 14th day after FCA injection(after T Ⅱ preventive administration for 7 days), arthritis index of model group was (8.3±2.0) points, while arthritis index of TⅡ preventive group was (0.4±0.95) points (t=2.64, P ＜ 0.05), there was an obvious decline in T Ⅱ preventive group compared with model group. On the 26th day after FCA injection (after TⅡ therapeutic administration for 7 days), arthritis index of model group was (11.2±0.7), whileinflammatory disease in AA rats and prevent the secondary arthritis in the rats of AA as well.

Effects of Xingnaojing Injection on the Expressions of the Protein of IL-1? and the mRNA in Rats with Intracerebral Hemorrhage / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of Xingnaojing injection on the expressions of both the protein of IL-1? and the mRNA in the experiment intracerebral hemorrhage rats.METHODS:Referenced by Zou's method and Rosengerg method,rat intracerebral hemorrage model was established and the model rats were then divided into normal group,model group and Xingnaojing group.The pathological changes in all the groups were observed and the expressions of the protein of IL-1? and the mRNA were detected after medication.RESULTS:In Xingnaojing group as compared with model group,the cells arranged regularly,the edema degree was lessened,the inflammatory cells were less;the disorganization of plastiosome was less severe,synaptic structure was clearer.The expressions of both the protein of IL-1? and the mRNA were all lower than in the model group.CONCLUSION:Xingnaojing injection can relieve the cerebral edema and inhibit the expression of IL-1? of the brain tissue surrounding the hematoma in intracerebral hemorrhage rats.