ABSTRACT
RESUMO Este trabalho teve como foco apresentar uma visão geral dos sistemas de informações geográficas (SIGs) e do sensoriamento remoto (SR), com ênfase nas suas aplicações para obtenção de informações da massa d'água. Essas informações são integradas ao Quadro da Diretiva da Água, e nesse sentido, busca-se propor a ligação dessas informações à Resolução nº 357/2005, de forma a servir de ferramenta para a tomada de decisão em uma gestão estratégica da qualidade da água, principalmente em grandes reservatórios. Assim, é realizada uma revisão integrando as geotecnologias à ciência limnológica e à gestão de reservatórios, ressaltando os possíveis potenciais da interação interdisciplinar. Por fim, é esquematizado um modelo integrando SIGs, SR e limnologia para o monitoramento e a gestão dos padrões de qualidade da água conforme a Resolução nº 357/2005.
ABSTRACT An overview of geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) is the main focus of this work, that emphasizes their application to obtain water body information. This information is integrated to the Framework Directive, and in this way, seeks to propose the linkage of these information to the Resolution 357/2005, in order to serve as a tool for decision making in strategic management of water quality mainly in large reservoirs. Thus, a review that integrates geotechnology to limnological science and to reservoirs management was done, highlighting the possible potential of interdisciplinary integration. At the end, an integration model of GIS, RS and limnology is schematized for monitoring and management of water quality standards according to the Resolution 357/2005.
ABSTRACT
RESUMONa análise do estado trófico de um corpo hídrico torna-se fundamental o conhecimento da concentração de clorofila-a. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo determinar e avaliar o comportamento da clorofila-a no reservatório de Itaparica, localizado no sub-médio São Francisco. Para esse fim, utilizou-se de imagem Landsat-TM, na qual foram utilizadas as bandas de 1 a 5 e 7. O modelo aplicado foi escrito em linguagem LEGAL-SPRING 5.2. A partir da imagem da clorofila-a realizou-se o fatiamento do corpo hídrico em seis classes concentração. O valor mínimo foi de <1 mg/L e o maior foi de 249,5 mg/L. As classes que obtiveram maior área foram de 0 a 5 mg/L com 27,4%, seguida da classe 5 a 10 mg/L com 24,6% da área total do reservatório, conforme observado por histograma. Por meio da análise gráfica de pontos situados ao longo do reservatório verifica-se que a concentração da clorofila-a aumenta da região fluvial para região lacustre e a partir dos contatos dos riachos com o reservatório. Em futuros estudos há necessidade de se validar os valores encontrados com dados de campo de forma a verificar a precisão do mapeamento para o reservatório em estudo, observando dia e horário da passagem do sensor.
ABSTRACTIn the analysis of trophic state of the water body is fundamental to know chlorophyll-a concentration. Thus, this work has as main aim to determinate and to assess the behavior of chlorophyll-a in the Itaparica reservoir, São Francisco river. This way, we used Landsat-TM imagery, in which it was used bands from 1 to 5 and 7. The algorithm used was written in LEGAL/SPRING 5.2. From the chlorophyll-a result was held slicing the water body in six concentration classes. As observed by histogram, the minimum value of Chl-a was < 1 mg/L and the highest was 249.5 mg/L. The classes that had the biggest area were Classe 01 (0-5 mg/L) with 27.4%, followed by Classe 02 (5-10 mg/L) with 24.6% of the total area of the study area. Through graphical analysis of points located along the reservoir it was possible to verify that chlorophyll concentration augmented from fluvial to lacustrine region and from the contact of streams with reservoir. In the next studies there is a need to validate the values with field data in order to verify the mapping accuracy in this reservoir, taking into account the day and also the transit time of the sensor.
ABSTRACT
Se estudió la presencia de macrófitas en tres lagos de altoandinos en Ecuador,Lago San Pablo,Laguna La Mica y Lago Cuicocha.Los primeros dos son eutróficos, mientras que el último es un lago de caldera extremadamente oligotrófico.Las especies dominantes en los lagos eutróficos son:Ceratophyllum demersum , Myriophyllum quitense ,Potamogeton illinoensis ,P. striatus y Elodea matthewsii .En el lago oligotrófico están presentes P.pectinatus,P.illinoensi s,y las Characeae Chara rusbyabana ,Ch.globularis y Nitella acuminata .La máxima profundidad para la presencia de macrófitas puede ser usada como un indicador del estado de eutroficación,la cual va desde 5 m en la Laguna Mica a 35 m en el Lago Cuicocha.El valor de la bioindicación de las especies de macrófitas en estos lagos altoandinos es bajo,debido a que solo unas pocas especies están presentes,y algunas de ellas no son específicas para las condiciones ambientales
The occurrence of macrophyte in three high Andean lakes of Ecuador,Lago San Pablo, Laguna La Mica and Lago Cuicocha was recorded in 5-9 transects per lake.The first two lakes are eutrophic, the third is an extremely oligotrophic caldera lake.The dominant species in eutrophic lakes are Ceratophyllum demersum ,Myriophyllum quitense ,Potamogeton illinoensis ,P.striatus and Elodea matthewsii .In the oligotrophic lake P.pectinatus,P.illinoensi s,and the Characeae Chara rusbyana ,Ch.globularis and Nitella acuminata occur.The maximum depth of the macrophyte s presence can be used as an indicator of the trophic state,ranging from about 5 m in Mica to 35 m in Cuicocha.The bioindication value of the macrophyte species in these high Andean lakes is low,because few species occur and because some of them are not specific to environmental conditions
Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Eutrophication/physiology , Fresh Water/chemistry , Phosphorus/analysis , Plants/chemistry , Chemistry, Physical , Ecuador , Geologic Sediments , Water Pollutants/analysisABSTRACT
Equatorial high mountain lakes are a special type of lake occurring mainly in the South American Andes as well as in Central Africa and Asia. They occur at altitudes of a few thousand meters above sea level and are cold-water lakes (< 20 degrees C). Relatively little is known about them. A long-term limnological study was therefore undertaken at Lake San Pablo, Ecuador, to analyze the basic limnological processes of the lake, which has a tendency for eutrophication. Sediment quality of San Pablo Lake is given under consideration of horizontal and vertical distribution using sediment cores. Significance of sediments for eutrophication process of lakes is demonstrated using phosphorus concentration of sediments as well as the phosphorus retention capacity of the sediments by ratio Fe/P. Dating of the sediments is done using 137Cs and 210Pb, but the activity of 137Cs in the sediment was very low nearly at the detection level. Sedimentation rate is determined to be 3.5 mm/year and the sediment cores represent about 110 years. P concentration of the sediments is high (approximately 5 g/kg dry substance), and P retention capacity by Fe is insufficient (Fe/P = 4). The sediment quality did not change significantly during the past decades, and the trophic state of San Pablo Lake was already less or more eutrophic 110 years ago. The contamination of the lake sediments by heavy metals is insignificant.