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Objective To determine the incidence of breast cancer?related lymphedema ( BCRL) in China and to analyze the associated risk factors. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data and the incidence of BCRL in 281 patients who were newly diagnosed with breast cancer and received surgery. The incidence of BCRL was evaluated using arm circumference measurement and Norman questionnaire. The risk factors for lymphedema were analyzed using chi?square test and logistic regression model. Results In all patients,the incidence rates of BCRL determined by arm circumference measurement and Norman questionnaire were 31?7% and 27?0%, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that postoperative radiotherapy,a preoperative body mass index no less than 24 kg/m2 ,a large axillary lymph node dissection area,and a large number of positive axillary lymph nodes significantly increased the risk of BCRL (HR=2?87,P=0?042;HR=2?54,P=0?011;HR=1?97,P=0?037;HR=1?06,P=0?023). Moreover, patients with breast cancer and hypertension had 1?74?fold higher risk of BCRL than those with normal blood pressure. Conclusions The incidence of BCRL is still very high. However,most of patients only have mild edema. Postoperative radiotherapy, a large axillary lymph node dissection area, a large number of positive axillary lymph nodes,a high preoperative body mass index,and hypertension are risk factors for BCRL.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The value of gamma probes in the surgical treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) was determined. The aim of this study was to enhance the rate of successful total parathyroidectomy in patients with sHPT using intraoperative gamma probe investigations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 48 sHPT patients between May 2007 and September 2011. Preoperative (99)Tc(m)- methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) scintigraphy and high-frequency ultrasonography were used for parathyroid localization. Thirty-five patients (group I) underwent conventional neck exploration and open parathyroidectomy. Thirteen patients (group II) underwent gamma probe-guided total parathyroidectomy and parathyroid transplantation. The two groups were compared in terms of the number of parathyroid resections, operative time, and postoperative changes in the blood levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and phosphate.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The clinical manifestations, PTH and calcium levels, age distribution, and clinical characteristics did not differ between the two groups. The accuracy of preoperative (99)Tc(m)-MIBI scintigraphy (89.74%) for the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism did not differ from that of ultrasonography (81.25%). However, the accuracy of (99)Tc(m)-MIBI scintigraphy (66.67%) for localizing hyperfunctioning parathyroids was significantly lower than that of ultrasonography (76.86%). The operation time was significantly longer in group I ((120 ± 25) minutes) than in group II ((90 ± 30) minutes). The accuracy of parathyroid identification was significantly higher in group II (92.59%) than in group I (80.39%). On average, significantly fewer parathyroid specimens were obtained in group I (2.5 ± 0.5) than in group II (3.5 ± 0.5). Compared with group I, group II showed a significant increase (15.4%) in the number of parathyroid resections. The PTH, calcium, and phosphate levels significantly decreased postoperatively in all patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Intraoperative gamma probe examination confirmed that the excised specimen was parathyroid tissue and improved the accuracy of parathyroid resection. The parathyroidectomy rate was increased by 15.4% due to the use of these probes. However, the probes did not detect all ectopic parathyroids, and further research is required to clarify the underlying reasons.</p>
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary , General Surgery , Organotechnetium Compounds , Therapeutic Uses , Parathyroidectomy , Methods , Retrospective Studies , Ultrasonography , MethodsABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo study the biologic distribution of 131I-Herceptin in BALB/c-neu nude mice bearing HER-2 positive SK-BR-3 human breast cancer xenografts and the radioimmunoimaging characteristics of nude mouse bearing human SK-BR-3 breast cancer xenografts. MethodSK-BR-3 breast cancer cells were implanted subcutaneously to athymic mice to establish animal model.Tumor bearing mice were continuously imaged with SPECT. The radiocounting per minute (cpm) of different organ on a γ-arithmometer was measured at 4,12,24,48 h postinjection of 131I-Herceptin or 131I-mlgG,and the T/NT ratios and the uptake percentages per gram of the injection dose (％ ID/g) was gained. ResultsModel was established in 96％ nude mouse.Compared with the control group,there was a significantly stronger contrast enhancement of tumor imaging,bigger T/NT and ％ ID/g in experimental group ( P ＜ 0.0l ).Conclusions 131I-Herceptin concentrates obviously in implanting tumor tissues of nude mouse,hence it is a good radiopharmaceutical agent targeting SK-BR-3 xenografts.
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Purpose:To investigate the effect of CD40 ligandization on breast cancer cell line and endothelial vein cell line.Methods:The expression of CD40 and its ligand on breast cancer cell line(M231),EVC cell line,fresh clinic breast cancer cell were determined by indirect immunofluorescence assay with flow cytometry(FCM) analysis.Then M231 cells cultured with CD40 agonsitic monoclone antibody,adriamycin alone or in combinations for 72 hours and proliferation of M231cells was determined by MTT assay.FCM was employed to study the cells' death or apopotosis with Annexin V PI assay.Results:M231 and ECV cell line and fresh clinic breast cancer cell are highly expressed CD40 but no CD40L.CD40 ligandization can not only inhibit the proliferation of M231 cell line but also inhibit ECV cell line by promoting the death or apoptosis of these cells.Combined CD40 agonsitic monoclone antibody with adriamycin may obviously inhibit proliferation of M231 and ECV cell line.Conclusions:CD40 ligandization may have double therapeutic effect to breast cancer: inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cell and inhibit tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial cell.
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Objective In order to study the effects of three drainage methods after operation of breast cancer. Methods We demonstrated the drainage reliability of the negative pressure bottles by measuring their negative pressures.We reviewed the incidence of flap dropsy of 103 patients with breast cancer operated from 1988 to 2001.Results Negative pressure of the bottle made by ourselves is 83.33 kPa at the room temperature and 74.12 kPa after 200ml fluid being drained. The incidence of skin flap dropsy of the negative pressure bottle is significantly lower than those in another two groups.Conclusion The negative pressure bottle is reliable, convenient and applicable in all levels of hospital.