ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To investigate and analyze the situation of measurement method for antimicrobial resistance(AMR) burden research,in order to provide methodology literature support for conducting AMR burden research in China. METHODS:Retrieved from PubMed,ProQuest Health & Medical Complete,Springer datebase,related researches were summarized,and foreign calculation method of resistance burden of commonly used antimicrobial and matters of attention were analyzed. RESULTS& CONCLUSIONS:AMR burden is usually evaluated using indicators like the number of resistant incidents,deaths due to AMR, excess length of stay and economic burden of AMR. The issues needed to be considered during calculating the burden included the perspective,definition of the outcome indicator,controlling the length of stay before infection,selection of control group, adjustment for severity of illness,time point calculation,calculation of onset time of infection,definition of the cost and scale of the economic burden. Future studies needs to be focused on a social perspective to estimate the burden of AMR,so as to provide baseline data evidence for decision makers to further control the resistance.
ABSTRACT
Sustained release and non-parental formulations of peptides and protein drugs are highly desirable because of enhanced therapeutic effects as well as improved patient compliance. This is especially true for small peptides such as thymopentin (TP5). To this end, implantable sandwich poly (hydroxybutyrate--hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) films were designed to prolong release time and to inhibit burst release phenomenon of TP5 by a simple volatilization method. release studies revealed that sandwich films had nearly no burst release. release time of sandwich films was prolonged to 42 days. Pharmacodynamic evaluation demonstrated that TP5 sandwich films significantly increased survival rates in a rat immunosuppressive model and normalized CD4/CD8 values. These results suggest that TP5 released from sandwich films can attenuate cyclophosphamide's immunosuppressive activity, and possibly achieve results comparable to daily TP5 injection therapy. Thus, sandwich PHBHHx films show excellent potential as a sustained, burst-free release system for small molecular weight, hydrophilic peptide drugs.