Phylogenetic Variation of Muscle Flexor Digitorum Brevis- Rare Variation on the Right Foot.

Background: Flexor digitorum breves is an intrinsic muscle of the sole of the foot that lies superior to the central part of planter apponurosis and inferior to the tendons of flexor digitorum longus. This flat spindle shaped muscle arise from the medial process of tuber calcanei, proximal part of planter apponurosis, inter muscular septa and adjacent fascial layers. The muscle fiber conver anteriorly forming four tendons one each for the four lateral toes at the bases of proximal phalenges each tendon splits into two slips around the tendon of flexor digitorum longus, reunites into a chiasma, devides again to insert into margins of intermediate phalenges of lateral four toes. Methods: This study was carried out by routine dissection classes for undergraduate medical students classes from July 2010 to January 2014 in the department of anatomy, Teerthanker Mahaveer medical college Moradabad; department of anatomy, Rama medical college Kanpur; Department of Anatomy, Hamdard Institute of Medical Science & Research, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi. Total no. of 80 cadavers (48 male and 32 female) all the cadavers were been preserved in 10% of formalin and age ranged between 45 to 67 years. Results: Summarising the result indicates out of 80 cadavers 25% were having none anatomical variation, 46% of cadavers had bilateral absence of tendon for fifth toe of flexor digitorum breves while 18% of cadavers having variation on the left foot and rare 9% of cadavers were represented having variation on the right foot while the left foot was anatomically normal. Conclusion: Variation of flexor digitorum breves may occur as phylogenetical changes due to minimal use of little toe in evolved bipedal posture.

Differential Criteria to Evaluate Parasite (Plasmodium) and Bacteria (Salmonella) for Diagnosis of Malaria and Typhoid Fever.

Background: In the investigation of fever, Malaria and Typhoid are major health problems in tropical and subtropical countries. Both cause significant morbidity, mortality and economic loss. The aim of study is to evaluate the prevalence of Malaria and Typhoid. Methods: Five hundred three samples were collected from patients suspected for malaria and typhoid fever. Peripheral blood smears (thick and thin) were used for microscopic examination and also malaria card test used for malaria parasite. For Typhoid, Widal agglutination test and Typhi dot IgG/IgM conducted for the identification of antibodies. Result: The study indicated that out of 503 patients, in which 158 male (69%) followed by 71 female (31%) were found positive. The prevalence rate of infection was 45.52%. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of malaria and typhoid fever was high. Salmonella typhi appears to be the most prevalent species infecting people. In other studies prevalence rate were quite low. Most of the studies should be done on the other determinants of plasmodium, salmonella and their co-infection in different format of diagnosis and case study.

Acute toxicity of organophosphate insecticide, dichlorvos in relation to selected water hardness for the freshwater zooplankters.

Toxicity of organophosphate insecticide, i.e. dichlorvos has been investigated in relation to selected water hardness for the freshwater zooplankters such as Moina, Daphnia, cyclops and nauplii. Results revealed that dichlorvos was highly toxic to the tested zooplankters, as the LC50 values are noticed in ppb. Trend of sensitivity for different zooplankters to dichlorvos was recorded as Moina < Daphnia < nauplii < cyclops. The LC50 were found to change significantly with the change in water hardness. The zooplankters were more susceptible to dichlorvos at water hardness of 275 mgl(-1) as compared to water hardness of 540 mgl(-1) as revealed from low LC50 values. The range of safe dischargeable concentrations (1.063-1.137ppb) were too low as compared to harmless or safe concentrations (43.895-89.194 ppb) for the zooplankters at both the hardness.

Histoenzymological study on the toxicity of copper sulphate in the digestive glands of Lymnaea luteola.

During 24 and 48 hr of exposure, the digestive glands of Lymnaea treated with a lethal concentration of 0.038 mgl(-1) CuSO4 revealed intense activity of acid phosphatase in perilobular margin. On the other hand, same area of the gland showed moderate activity of ATPase during 24 and 48 hr of exposure. However, alkaline phosphatase showed average activity in perialveolar region and perilobular margin during 24 and 48, and 72 hr of exposure respectively The changes in the activity of these enzymes were nonsignificant in alveolar margin and perialveolar region of the gland. It is interesting to note moderate activity of acid phosphatase in perialveolar region during 24 hr of exposure.

Acute toxicity of mercury to the fingerlings of Indian major carps (catla, rohu and mrigal) in relation to water hardness and temperature.

In the present study short-term (96 hr) toxicity of mercury in relation to water hardness (270 and 560 mg/l) and temperature (16 degrees C and 35 degrees C) to the fingerlings of Indian major carps, i.e. catla, rohu and mrigal has been evaluated using static bioassay. The LC5o indicates that both water hardness and temperature played significant role in mercury toxicity. The test fishes were found most resistant with water hardness of 560 mg/l at 16 degrees C as compared to that of water hardness of 560 mg/l at 35 degrees C and water hardness of 270 mg/l at both the temperatures, i.e. 35 and 16 degrees C. Whereas the order of relative sensitivities of these fishes for mercury ions were recorded as catla>rohu>mrigal. The safe concentrations of mercury were ranged in between 12.133 to 19.689 microg/l for catla; 64.039 to 82.555 microg/l for rohu and 73.510 to 89.585 microg/l for mrigal for both the water hardness and temperature.