Study of Umbilical Cord in Normal and Intra Uterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) Placenta.

The purpose of the study is to compare the gross anatomy of umbilical cord in normal placentas and IUGR placentas. MethodsThis is a case control study, conducted in the Department of Anatomy, R.N.T. Medical College, Udaipur among 100 control and 100 IUGR placentas. Placenta was collected as soon as possible after delivery and was examined for gross changes. Then it was fixed in 10% formalin for sections for staining. ResultsIn our study, the marginal attachment of umbilical cord with 0.25 insertion percentage was seen in 35 cases. The association between marginal attachment of the cord and low birth weight is statistically significant. ConclusionsIncreased incidence of marginal cord insertion was associated with low foetal weight. The mean length of umbilical cord varied in the present study between 30 cms and 60 cms in control and IUGR group. No significant difference was seen in the cord length according to type of pregnancy, normal or abnormal. From the literature review, it was anticipated that there would be a wide range of umbilical cord lengths. The umbilical cord may have a central, lateral, marginal or medial insertion. Central and lateral insertions have no clinical importance. Marginal insertions may be more susceptible to vessel rupture and have been associated with foetal growth retardation, stillbirth and neonatal death.

Mycosis Fungoides-Spectrum of Manifestations.

Mycosis fungoides is an unusual form of cutaneous T cell lymphoma that is diagnosed by skin biopsy after years of non specific skin eruptions. In addition to skin lesions extracutaneous manifestations can also occur.

Chorioangioma: Prenatal Diagnosis By Ultrasound And MRI.

Chorioangioma is a benign tumour of the placenta consisting of blood vessels and stroma that proliferates beyond normally developing chorionic villi. Most of the small tumours are asymptomatic but large placental tumours are associated with unfavourable outcomes for foetus and mother.

The Accuracy of Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Palpable Breast Lumps.

To find the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of ultrasound in detection of palpable breast lumps and to correlate the findings of ultrasound with the findings of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), or histopathology. Ultrasonagraphic evaluation of 100 palpable breast lumps was done in our institute in the department of radiology. Diagnosis was made considering four features of the lumps i.e. shape, margins, width: AP ratio and echogenicity. Diagnosis was confirmed by fine needle aspiration cytology or histopathology.The sensitivity of ultrasound in detection of palpable breast lumps was 95%. The incidence of breast lumps was highest in the age group of 20-29 years. Lump alone was the presentation in 78% of the cases. 54% of the lumps were present in outer upper quadrant of the breast. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of ultrasound in fibroadenoma of the breast was 81.6%, 94.7% and 91.2% respectively. The sensitivity for carcinoma of the breast was 65% and for cystic masses it was 92%. The ultrasound features that most reliably characterized breast masses as benign were round or oval shape (95% were benign), circumscribed margins (86% were benign) and width: AP ratio > 1.4 (87% were benign). Features that characterised masses as malignant were irregular shape (47% were malignant), non-circumscribed margins (41% were malignant) and width: AP ratio 1.4 (39% were malignant).Ultrasound is a useful tool in differentiation of cystic from solid masses of the breast. It is useful in young females and pregnant women where mammography is not advisable. However its role in diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast needs further evaluation before it can be used for screening of carcinoma breast.